Thailand Yakavhiringidzwa: Rufu rweThai-Style Democracy (Kupera)
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani Thailand unofanirwa kuziva nhoroondo yayo. Iwe unogona kunyura mumabhuku kune izvo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Rimwe remabhuku asingafaniri kupotsa ibhuku raFederico Ferrara, “Thailand Unhinged: The Death of Thai-Style Democracy.” Ferrara mudzidzisi weAsian Politics paUniversity yeHong Kong. yeaimbova Mutungamiriri Thaksin uye kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika mumakumi emakore akazvitangira, uye ndinopfupikisa zvitsauko zvakanyanya kukosha mune iyi diptych.
Democracy inofa zvakare
Nguva imwe neimwe boka idzva remasoja parinenge rava kuda kutora masimba, tinoverenga munhau kuti macog edemocratic system haana kugadzikana uye haasi kushanda nemazvo. Nguva imwe neimwe, mhosva inoiswa pakukamukana kukuru pakati peguta nedunhu (kumaruwa). Misiyano mikuru yezvido, zvishuvo nehunhu: vakadzidza vepakati nepakati nevarimi vasina kudzidza. Varimi vanosarudza kwete nemoyo kana pfungwa asi chete kune vezvematongerwo enyika vanovapa zvipikirwa zvakadai semabasa matsva kana zvivako zvitsva, vanotengesa mweya yavo kune anonyanya kutengesa. Uye nekuda kwekuwanda kwevagari mudunhu iri, kuchange kuine paramende ine nhengo dzinofanira kuvimba nevatsigiri vevarimi. Zviripachena kuti izvi zvinopesana negumbo rinorwadza revagari vemutaundi, avo, nerubatsiro rwemauto, vanopindira kubvisa huwori neunzenza muparamende…
Hongu, chokwadi kune misiyano mukubudirira, mari, dzidzo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Uye zvechokwadi marudzi akasiyana evezvematongerwo enyika achave akakurumbira pakati pe (zvakare mukati akasiyana) mapoka evavhoti. Asi tsananguro iri pamusoro setsananguro yekuti sei Thailand ichiramba ichitenderera pakati pedemokrasi nehudzvinyiriri haina kukwana. Semuenzaniso, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika zvematongerwo enyika zvaive zvisingafadzi vanhu vekumaruwa. Mapato haana kuita chirongwa chesarudzo chakajeka chaifadza varimi.Pakaitwa sarudzo, vakasarudza kukumbira kuvimbika kwevavhoti kune vanoremekedzwa vomunharaunda uye kuzvipira kuvarimi kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu nechimbichimbi. Maonero akanyatsopfupikiswa kwenguva refu akange achishaikwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekupa uye kudiwa.
Aive Thaksin uyo, nehomwe dzake dzakadzika uye nehurongwa hwesarudzo hwakasarudzika hwenguva yake, akakunda vakwikwidzi vake. Vavhoti vepurovhinzi vakamutsigira zvakanyanya, bato rake rakakunda musarudzo dza2001, 2005 na2007. Thaksin akasundira hurongwa hwake zvine hukasha uye vamiriri vemitemo “vasingaite” vakasiiwa kumashure. Vanhu vakatsoropodza Thaksin vakapomerwa "kukuvadza nyika". Vanhu vakaongorora mhirizhonga yehondo yezvinodhaka nemapurisa nemauto anotungamirwa naThaksin, semuenzaniso, vakanzi "kutyisidzira rusununguko rweThai". Thai democracy yakafa zvakare, panguva ino kune kufara kwevanhu vepurovhinzi.
Kukosha kwevepakati uye vepamusoro
Ndiyo yepakati kirasi yemaguta ndiyo inogadzirisa mukutenderera kwependulum pakati pedemokrasi nehudzvinyiriri. Nerutsigiro rwavo, paramende yakasarudzwa zvine hutongi hwejekerere inogona kupfugamiswa zvisiri pamutemo. Asi kuratidzira kukuru kunogona chete kuunganidzwa nezviwanikwa zviripo kune vepamusoro veBangkok. Ndivo vakavamba bato rePeople’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), rinozivikanwawo seYellow Shirts. Iyo PAD yakagadzira kupikisa kuna Thaksin nema stooges ake. Asi zvinopesana nezvinoreva zita racho, PAD haina hanya nezvedemokrasi kana vanhu. Kune vapfumi, mauto nevakuru, hutongi hwejekerere hunogamuchirwa chete kana paramende isina simba, isingashande uye ichishandiswa zviri nyore. Kana izvi zvichingotyisidzira kuti zvichauya mubvunzo, unogona kunzwa tsoka dzevarwi kubva kure. Kana zvichibvira, pindira nechikonzero chekuti democracy iri kupora nemashoko, kadhi irori harigone kuridzwa, zvino zvinotsanangurwa kuti Thailand haisati yagadzirira demokrasi chero vanhu vakadzokera kumashure vachiramba vachivhotera matsotsi.
Nguva nenguva, vepamusoro vanokanganisa vanhu uye kuvandudzwa kwedemocracy yechokwadi. Thaksin aisafanira kunyangarika nekuti akabiridzira, akaisa muhomwe dzake, akatamba zvematongerwo enyika kana aine ropa remazana evanhu mumaoko ake. Aiwa, aitofanira kunyangarika nekuti aityisa vanhu vepamusoro.
Sei Thaksin asina kupomerwa mhosva dzakaitwa pasi pehutongi hwake? Akanga asiri Thaksin pachake akaridza pfuti, akanga asiri Thaksin akaunganidza vanhu mumotokari dzemauto ndokuvauraya. Thaksin haaigona kupomerwa mhosva pasina kuve nemhedzisiro yemauto anobatanidzwa. "Ini ndaingotevera mirairo" haisi chikonzero kubva pamaonero emutemo, sezvatinoziva kubva kudare repashure pehondo reNuremberg. Uye vatongi veThai kana vakuru vemauto havangambobvumiri vakuru vakuru kuti vamire pamberi pedare.
Democracy yeThailand yanga isiri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwemakumi emakore, democracy yakadziviswa, kuderedzwa uye kushandiswa makore ese aya. Vakomana vakuru vanova nechokwadi chekuti democracy inoshanda zvakashata zvekuti vanhu havango kumbira humwe hutongi hwejekerere.
Thai-style democracy
Vadzvanyiriri vanogara vachidzokera pazviri: chikonzero chekushandisa "tsika" sechidzitiro cheutsi chinodzikisira shanduko yedemocracy. Nheyo dzenyika uye tsika dzinofanirwa kuramba dzisina mavanga ekunze. Kunyangwe kumadokero kunopindirana, pfungwa yekuti idzo nyika dzepasirese dzechitatu dzakanyanya hutsinye kubata nedemocracy.
Izwi rekuti 'democracy' rakave nenzvimbo yakakosha muThailand kubvira 1932. Asi kubvira Sarit mukupera kwema50s, vatongi vane masimba vanga vachishandisa pfungwa ye 'Thai-style democracy' senzira iri nani. Zvinoreva kuderedza rusununguko rwevagari vemunyika uye kuzvimiririra kwevamiriri vakasarudzwa. Pasi peSarit, rusununguko rwekutaura uye kuungana rwakaraswa nekuda kwehurongwa hwekuti mutungamiri wababa (Pho Khun) aiteerera vana vake munyika, akaidudzira nenzira kwayo, uye obva aita maererano nayo. Chiratidzo ichocho chinopfuurira nanhasi. Kana vamiriri vakasarudzwa vangotadza kutamba mutambo wevakuru, vanorambwa se“vakashata” uye “vasina hunhu.”
Asi "democracy yeThai" haina kana chekuita netsika yeThai pane zvine chekuita nedemokrasi. Hapana chinhu cheThai pamusoro pekuisa vanhu pamadziro etemberi uye kuvacheka pasi nepfuti yemuchina, hapana chiThai pamusoro pehunyengeri huri pachena hwevadzvanyiriri vemauto vanozvipfumisa nemamiriyoni vachipomera vamwe nehuori. Hapana chiThai pamusoro pekushandura chinamato kuita chishandiso chezvematongerwo enyika, hapana chiThai nezve propaganda muzvikoro uye nevezvenhau, hapana chiThai chekudzvinyirira varombo vachifarira vapfumi. Aya haasi iwo maitiro echiThai tsika. Aya angori maitiro ehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri.
Hapana nyika yakanyatsokodzera kana kuti isina kukodzera demokrasi, kunyange muEurope yakadhura kurwisana kukuru, nguva uye ropa kuti iite democracy. A "Thai-style democracy" haisi chinhu kunze kwehudzvanyiriri hweEuropean-style.
The elite semhinganidzo
Icho chipingamupinyi chaicho kune demokrasi muThailand haisi tsika yeThai asi vepamusoro uye zvavanofarira. Vakuru vaifarira kupinza pfungwa kubva kunze chero zvichivabatsira. Kuramba demokrasi hakunei nekuchengetedza Thai democracy. Kutsigira "democracy yeThai-style" zvinongoreva kubvuma kuti vakomana vakuru vanosarudza izvo zvinoenderana netsika uye zvisiri izvo. Kunyangwe Thailand inobatsirwa kubva kudemokrasi inoramba iri maonero emunhu, asi hapana chinhu chisiri-chiThai nezve rusununguko rwekusarudza ramangwana rako, kutaura zvaunofunga, kuumba kana kujoina mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, kuverenga zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri propaganda yehurumende, kana kuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire pane zvayakaita. Mazana mazhinji akafa nemhaka yokuti akanga ane ushingi hwokuda mamwe maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika haana kuzvibvumira amene kuva neshungu. Uye ini pachangu ndaizoda kuva kudivi ravo pane kuva kudivi ravaurayi vavo. – Federico Ferrara 2011.
Nice piece Rob, uye ndosaka ndisiri kunzwisisa kuti sei paine vanhu vakawanda kudaro vanokudza Thailand sezvairi nemagirazi eruvara.
"Vakajairwa" veThai vanhu vakanaka vanoita nepavanogona napo kuchengeta misoro yavo pamusoro pemvura uye kuchengeta mhuri dzavo, asi zvinosuruvarisa nekuda kwedzidzo yakashata uye nhau dzedivi rimwe chete, vanhu ava vanochengetwa vakapusa uye vazhinji vanofunga. kuti izvi zvakajairika munyika.
Chete kana iwe ukaratidza vanhu ava zvimwe zviri kuitika munyika uye kuti demokrasi chaiyo inoshanda sei maziso avo zvishoma nezvishoma.
Ini zvino ndinoona izvi mumudzimai wangu anogara muNetherlands uye anonyatsoshamiswa nezvose, kuti iwe unogona kukurukura nevashandi vehurumende, vezvematongerwo enyika, mapurisa, asiwo nemushandirwi wako, chiremba wako, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Uye pano zvakare zvinhu dzimwe nguva zvakatsveyama, asi kazhinji unoziva paunomira uye zvakare kuti mitemo inotevedzwa.
Ndinofunga kuti ndiChurchill uyo anoona: 'democracy igadziriro yakaipa, asi ini hapana chandinoziva chiri nani'.
Tarisa kwakabva mitero uye kwainopedzerwa muThailand: kudonhedza kukuru kwemari kubva ku'purovhinzi' kuenda kuBangkok. Ndinogona kufungidzira kutsamwa kwevagari vokumaruwa. Vakuru, munenge nyika dzese dzepasirese dzechitatu, vanoshandisa simba rayo zvisizvo nenzira huru nekubata zvisina nyadzi kwehomwe, kusanganisira muThailand. Vasina kudzidza vakakwana vari kuvhara maziso avo mukuwanda. Asiwo muno muKumadokero Kwakabudirira vanhu vanotevera madhimagogue akawandisa.
Chikamu chimwe kubva muzana chevanhu chine 60% yehupfumi hwese.Kungoramba zvakadaro, hapana chinoshanduka.
Kusaenzana munyika kwakakwirira, zvose maererano nemari uye kunyanya maererano nehupfumi. Pane zviri pachena kune oligarchy: boka rinosarudzwa riri pamusoro rine mari yakawanda, zvinhu uye simba.Vapfumi ve20% vane 80-90% yemari yese yakachengetwa. Pasi 40% yevanhu havana chinhu kana kuti vane chikwereti. Vepamusoro gumi muzana vanobata 10% yemazita ese enyika. Varombo 61% vane 10%.
Iyi oligarchy nevakuru vayo yaive yakachinjika (kuchinjika kune shanduko muhupfumi uye simba munzanga) vanhu vakapfuma vatsva vakatorwa, Thaksin akagamuchirwawo. Asi Thaksin paakakura pamusoro pavo uye ave kutyisidzira kune vepamusoro, aifanira kusiya chigaro.
Nyika dzakasiyana dzakavakidzana dzakaita seMalaysia neJapan dzakagadzirisa kusaenzana uku kuburikidza nemitemo yakasiyana. Panyaya yedemocracy nezvimwe zvakadaro, nyika idzodzo dziri kuitawo zviri nani. Asi kana vatongi veThai vasingaenderane neizvi uye vakamira ... ipapo iwe unongobvisa iyo epamusoro kana vagari vese vese, kubva kumurimi ari nyore kuenda kune ari nyore mushandi wemuhofisi, vanoenda kumigwagwa muhuwandu hukuru. Unogona kusunga 100 vanhu, asi kwete miriyoni yevanhu.
Zviri pachena kuti vanhu vakawana simba rezvematongerwo enyika, kana ukatarisa sarudzo wakaona kuti muna 2001, 2005 uye 2011 kuchamhembe (kumadokero kusvika kumabvazuva) uyewo zvikamu zvakakosha zveBangkok zvakatsvuka.
Kunobva:
1. Kusaenzana Thailand (naPasuk Phongpaichit & Chris Baker, 2016).
2. A History of Thailand, 3rd edition (naChris Baker naPasuk Phongpaichit, 2014)
RobV, ndinokutendai nepfupiso dzenyu mbiri nezve bhuku. Inopa nzwisiso yakanaka yekuti sei zvinhu zvichigara zvakaoma muThailand. Ndakabatwa nechidimbu ichi zvekuti ndiri kutamba nepfungwa yekuverenga yekutanga. Ndakaona aisvika 300 mapeji. Asi pasina mubvunzo chikafu chakawanda uye mutengo hausi wakachipa futi! Panyaya yezvirikuitika handifungi kuti zvingave zvine hungwaru kutaura.Vanhu vanobatika. Usati wazviziva, gadziriso yemaitiro inomanikidzwa pauri, kana zvisiri zvakanyanya.
Wadiwa John, Rob,
Nekuda kweiyo post, ndakatanga kuverenga bhuku rekutanga. Zviri nyore kuverenga, asi chapeau yepfupiso mumameseji maviri mapfupi. Bhuku rekutanga zviri pachena kuti rine ndima dzakawanda dzinonakidza dzisina kupinda muchidimbu, uye saka rinokurudzirwa kune avo vanoda kuverenga zvakawanda. Iri bhuku haridhure: iyo Kindle edition inodhura isingasviki 9 euros. Iro bhuku remapepa harisi kutengeswa muThailand sekuziva kwangu nezvikonzero zvinonzwisisika.
Zvakanaka Kunzwa. Kukurudzirana - kusvika pakuziva Thailand zviri nani-, ndizvo zvatinoitira. 🙂
Pfupiso inoshamisa yekurwira masimba uku. Neraki zvese zvakachinja muhupenyu uye neshuviro yakanaka kwazvo kuThailand.
Mubvunzo wakakosha ndewekuti hudzvanyiriri hweparamende hwakaita sehwaitsigirwa naThaksin hwakanakira nyika nevanhu vayo here pane hwechiuto.
Ndibvumirei kupokana izvozvo.
tarisa kuZimbabwe kana Venezuela kudoma 2 chete.
Thaksin zvakare ndewevakakwirira. kune mutsva chete, uye kufarira kwake varimi varombo veIsaan kunokurudzirwa chete nenyaya yekuti sarudzo yeThai inoreva kuti zvigaro zvakawanda zvinogona kuhwina muIsaan pane kumwe kunhu. Uye kuti, kutaura zvakapfava, vanhu varipo vanonyengedzwa zvikuru. Zvinoshamisa kuti, hapana hurumende inodzorwa naThaksin kana nhema dzesarudzo dzakambopa hanya nedzidzo.
Ini pachangu, handidi Thaksin kana juntas. Panewo zvakawanda zvekutsoropodza pana Abhisit. Ndinoda kuti vanhu vose ivavo vakwanise kuzvidavirira pachavo (rufu, huori, nezvimwewo) pamberi pedare, asi hazvife zvakaitika… vanoda uye rimwe zuva inguva yekuti vabudirire.
Henry,
Kana vatongi vapfumbamwe vakavhotera pamutongo, uye vashanu vachivhotera uye 9 vachipikisa, uri kutaurawo nezvehudzvanyiriri hwekutonga? Izvozvo zvinowanzoitika.
Nguva yataifanira kudhonzera Thaksin mune zvese yasara kumashure kwedu. Kutumira uku zvakare, uye nezvimwe, nezve nguva isati yasvika Thaksin (1932-2000).
Democracy zvinoreva rusununguko rwekutaura, kuratidzira uye ruzivo, nyika iri pasi pemutemo wemutemo (equality before the law) nekutora chikamu kwevagari. Zvese izvi zvave kushaikwa zvakanyanya, uye zviri kubhadharisa mugari.
Zvaunotaura nezvevanhu veIsan ('vanonyengerwa kwazvo') hachisi chokwadi. Pane zvakasiyana, vanoona ne taa sawaang, maonero akajeka, ari nani pane vepamusoro avo zvino vari kutonga.
Tino, neruremekedzo rukuru, uri kuenzanisa maapuro nemaremoni. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi vane upenyu hwezuva nezuva hunotungamirirwa nokutenda mashura netsika dzokurarama upenyu hapana chandingawana kunze kwokutendwa.
Mushure me2000, simba raThaksin rakanyatsosvika pakukwanisa kwaro kuzere.
Apo vanhu vanokokera paramende pakati pehusiku, tisingabatanidzi vanopikisa, vobva vavhota mitemo inopa vatungamiri vavo vamene kuregererwa pamitongo yejeri yakaitwa uye kutongerwa nekupukuta chipanje padzimwe mhosva dzose. Uye kana vanopikisa vakadziviswa kutaura vobva vasendekwa parutivi, munhu anogona kutaura nezveudzvanyiriri hweparamende. Hitler kuburikidza naHerman Goring akaita zvimwe chetezvo muna 1932 neReichstag, nokudaro akatanga udzvanyiriri hwedare reparamende. Neraki, iyo Internet ikozvino yavepo, uye maNetizens ndiyo 4th simba muThailand, iyo kunyange yazvino junta inofanirwa kufunga nezvayo.
Hapana kutariswa kunopihwa dzidzo naThaksin? Izvo zvinoratidzika kunge zvisizvo kwandiri, uye kutorwa kwekunyepedzera kweanopokana-Thaksin propaganda. Shanduko huru yaThaksin yaive kuendesa masimba kuzvikoro (kubva kuhurumende yepakati kusvika kumatamboni). Pamusoro pezvo, shanduko huru yedzidzo kuburikidza nekuisa matunhu pasi pekharikhulamu (yakanyanya kuzere kupfuura yakajairika cramming). Chechitatu: kuita kuti mayunivhesiti awanike kune yakaderera mari kuburikidza nemutemo wechikwereti chemudzidzi (inongodzoserwa chete kana mari yadarika imwe muganhu); akave nechokwadi chekuti mabhangi eThai akapa zvikwereti kuvadzidzi varombo kekutanga (1 muzana mubereko). Pamusoro pezvo, vakatanga chirongwa che “One District, One Dream School” chirongwa chekusimudzira zvikoro, kuitira kuti dunhu rega rega riwane chikoro chemhando yepamusoro. Thaksin akachinjawo mutemo wekubvumidzwa kuyunivhesiti (mibairo yechikoro inotungamira kupfuura bvunzo dzekupinda dzakazvimirira). Zvichingodaro. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa inyayawo yekuti akaita Thailand imwe yevatsigiri veNegroponte One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) chirongwa, icho Ministry of Education yaizotenga 600,000 zvishandiso. Vakuru vemauto vakakanzura chirongwa ichi.
Kuti uwane mamwe mamiriro, Tino akanyora mamwe mabloggi akanaka kwazvo:
Chiono chaPridi chedemocracy Thailand (1932 revolution):
https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/pridi-banomyong-vader-van-de-echte-thaise-democratie-en-hoe-zijn-visie-teloor-ging/
Ane hutsinye Sarit (1958-1963) akauya neshoko rekuti "Thai-style democracy": https://www.thailandblog.nl/geschiedenis/veldmaarschalk-sarit-thanarat-democratie-thailand/
Kupfurwa kwevaratidziri muna 1973:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/geschiedenis/de-opstand-van-14-oktober-1973-een-documentaire/
Iyo 1976 Thammasat lynch bato:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/6-oktober-1976-massamoord-thammasaat-universiteit/
Hondo yaIsaani:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/isaan/strijd-van-isaan/
Ndiregerereiwo, asi kutumira uku kune zvakapusa zvisina musoro nezve mamiriro eThai pane chokwadi chaicho uye mamiriro. Kunze kwekunge iwe uri mutsigiri anoshinga uye bofu wehembe dzvuku… uye womedza zvese izvi zvisina maturo nekuda kwekeke rinotapira asi mwero wekuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu unosiririsa.
Ndingakukoka here kuti unyore chinyorwa chinogadza uyu anodiwa Chris?
Iniwo ndinofarira zvikuru kutumira kwaChris kwaanonyora chokwadi chaicho.
Frederico ane masimba mundima iyi, kunyangwe ini ndisingabvumirani nekuongorora kwake pamapoinzi ese. Zvinosuruvarisa, chimwe chinyorwa chiri mubumbiro remitemo chinondidzivisa kupa imwe tsananguro ipi neipi.
Iwe unotarisira kuti musayendisiti asingagari muThailand aite chivindi chekunyora zvinhu izvo zvisingaite musayendisiti weThai. Izvo hazvisizvo neFerrara sekuona kwangu. Ndinofunga akazviongorora nekuti anofarira kuuya kuThailand. Handina kuverenga mabhuku ake, asi pfupiso dziri pano hadzindikoke, ndinofanira kutaura.
Musayendisiti anoedza kutsanangura zvinhu zvakaitika kare angaita zvakanaka kusarudza pfungwa dzake dzokutsanangura zvakanaka. Uye pfungwa dzedemocracy nehudzvinyiriri hadzisi dzeThailand; kana paine democracy-Thai-style, pane zvakare kune hudzvanyiriri-Thai-style. Dudziro yacho ndeyekuMadokero uye haikodzeri Thailand. Zvakafanana nesainzi yekuChina inoyera/kuongorora hupfumi hwekuMadokero nemafambisirwo anoitwa hupfumi hwavo nemaChinese.
Hurumende yemazuva ano ine chimiro chakasiyana zvachose kupfuura hurumende yapfuura (technocrats) iyo yakatanga kutonga kuburikidza nechisimba. Uye hapana mubvunzo muThailand wemudzvanyiriri wemhando yeFranco, Sukarno, Idi Amin, Stalin. Kana chete nekuti kune zvakare mukuru wehurumende anogona kusimbisa simba rake. Uye kune zvimwe zvikonzero. Tingada kuziva kuti Ferrara anotsanangura sei kuti mushure mekugamuchirwa ne 'paramende' iripo uye nereferendamu yakakurumbira, mambo anogona kuita kuti zvimwe zvinyorwa mubumbiro rakagamuchirwa zvishandurwe pasina kupokana. Udzvinyiriri ihwohwo? Franco aizotendeuka muguva rake.
Ini handisi kuzonyora patsva mabhuku aFerrara, asi chokwadi ndichashandisa pfungwa dzinotevera kutsanangura zvakaitika muThailand: kushanduka kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe nzanga yakaenzana, sakdina, simba remarudzi akasiyana evakuru, basa remapato ezvematongerwo enyika. uye basa remukuru wenyika. Zvose izvi zvishanu zvinhu zvinofuratirwa naFerrara. Iko hakuna 1 elite iri kukanganisa democracy nguva dzese. Iko hakuna kana mapoka maviri eelites (tsvuku uye yero; itsva uye yekare, royalist uye shoma royalist). Thaksin saka haana kubviswa nekuti angave achityisidzira kune yero elite. Idzo ingano uye handichatendi ngano. Iko hakuna pendulum inotenderera pakati pedemocracy uye udzvanyiriri uye yepakati kirasi yemaguta (ndinofunga Ferrara zvinoreva Bangkok uye zviri nyore kukanganwa makirasi epakati emaguta muChiang Mai, Phuket, Khon Kaen, Udon, Ubon) zvakare haisi iyo sarudzo.
Zvakatora nyika dzokuMadokero mazana amakore kuti dzitsive gadziriro youdzvinyiriri nenzanga umo vanhu vaimiririrwa zvikuru. Nyika dzakaita seThailand hadzina nguva yakawanda kudaro mazuva ano. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru ndiko kukurumidza kwekukurukurirana pasi rose. Zvose zvinokudzwa pasi rose mu 1 second. Uyewo feudalism.
Ndasiya mashoko aFerrara pamusoro pamambo. Munhanganyaya yake anonyora kuti akange ashandisa kuzviongorora mugwaro rekutanga, asi muchikamu chitsva haachadimburira mazwi.
Iko hakuna Thai-style democracy kana udzvinyiriri. Haasi hudzvanyiriri hwese kana democracy inofanirwa kutaridzika zvakafanana. Hatisi kutaura nezveDemocracy muChirungu / Dutch / French vs ... maitiro, ndizvo here? Tinodaidza demokrasi idzi kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakosha mune, semuenzaniso, maitiro esarudzo.
Bhuku raFerrara haritauriwo kuti vepamusoro iboka guru, rinobvumirana reshamwari. Asi pane imwe chiyero pakati pevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vari pamusoro (uyewo mhuri yehumambo). Kana chikamu chevakuru ivavo chikava chinotyisa kune simba, pesvedzero uye hupfumi hwevamwe vakuru, pachava nebongozozo mutende. Iyo oligarchy inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa uye munhu wese ari patafura yepamusoro anoda yavo 'yakanaka' mugove. Dzimwe nguva vatsva vanobatana, dzimwe nguva mumwe anosiya, asi maererano nevanhu ivavo, iyo oligarchy yeuto, tycoons uye vanhu vane ropa rine mavara vanofanira kuchengetedzwa. Baba vanoziva zvakanakira vanhu, anodaro mutungamiriri wejunta wezuva racho. Rama 1 zvakare yaive nemaitiro ebaba. Asi kunyangwe iye semukuru wenyika akange asina simba rekupedzisira. Pashure pechimurenga, izvi zvakavakwa zvakaenzana nekutanga, mhuri yehumambo nemauto* ichidana. Zvisinei, mambo akawana simba rakawanda noruremekedzo nokurebesa kwake pachigaro choumambo.
*uye kwete, hongu uto harisi sangano rimwe rinobvumirana zvakare. Kunewo mapoka, semuenzaniso vanhu veimwe kirasi (semuenzaniso kirasi 1 yeChulachomklao Royal Military Academy) avo pamwe chete vakaumba network.
Ferrara anopikisa kuti nguva nenguva demokrasi yakadzvinyirirwa. Kuedza kushoma kwaitwa, asi pese panogadziriswa kubva kumusoro uye junta kana humwe hutungamiriri hwehudzvanyiriri hunouya kuzobvisa kubuda nebudiriro mubud. Asi kubvira Thaksin, vanhu vepurovhinzi vakaona chinhu chakakosha kwavari. Ona, semuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yesarudzo kubva 2000. Asi pakati pesimba, Bangkok, inoitawo basa rinokosha. Vachashivirira kupidigura hurumende here kana kuti kwete? Vanhu ava vari kudivi raani pavanopinda mumigwagwa?
Wadiwa Chris,
Kana iri ndima yako yechipiri, nezve pfungwa dzedemocracy, hudzvanyiriri uye Thai-style democracy, yaunodaidza kuti "kumadokero" dudziro. Icho hachisi chokwadi. Yakatsanangurwa muchikamu chikuru nemasainzi chaiwo, akachena eThai achishandisa mazwi emutauro weThai neThai, sezviri mubasa riri pazasi.
Quote:
' Ferrara anotarisa zvinhu zvose izvi zvishanu.'
Icho hachisi chokwadi. Ferrara ari kutaura nezvazvo.
Thak Chaloemtiarana, Thailand, The Politics of Despotic Paternalism, Silkworm Books, 2007.
Unoreva here chinyorwa muCriminal Code?
Aihwa. mubumbiro rakagamuchirwa.
Ehe saizvozvo. Kukanganisa pakunyora
Inogara iri pamusoro pesimba, zvido zvemunhu uye mari hombe. Vapfumi havazodi kubvumirana pane zvese izvi. Huori uye zvinobatika, ichi ndicho chokwadi chemazuva ese. Iwe kazhinji hauwane vanhu vakazvipira munzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha. Semuenzaniso mune zvematongerwo enyika, paramende nezvimwe zviremera. Iri mopping nepombi yakavhurika, kunyanya muno muThailand. Ziva zvakapfuura uye utarise ramangwana. Hazvina kundifadza. Hurombo hucharamba huripo kwenguva refu ndinotya.
Kupesvedzera kwakashata kwenhengo dzeMP ndicho chinhu chinoratidza.
Ingotarisa kuAmerica. uko akawanda maseneta ekubva kuRepublican, pamwe nemutungamiri aripo, vanotora vevakuru, kusanganisira doro, doro uye indasitiri yezvombo. Pamwe chete vanochengeta mapotfolio avo akazara uye democracy haina kukosha ipapo.
Nenzira, nyaya yakanaka Rob.V uye kutenda nekugovana.
Kutadza kukuru kwaThaksin kwaive kusvinurira muHondo yezvinodhaka. Chokwadi vachibatsirwa nemapurisa nemauto. zvakakosha kuti haasati abatwa nemhosva iyoyo, uye kuti akabatwa nemhosva shoma shoma dze'huori'. Sezvineiwo, hunhu hwake hwakajeka: mune zvehupfumi akasimudza Thailand kubva mumatope edambudziko kuenda kune bhajeti rakaenzana (kunyangwe matanho makuru ezvivakwa) uye kuderedzwa kwakasimba kwechikwereti chenyika, mukutarisira hutano akaunza 'homwe yehutano' kune wese munhu uye. kurwisa HIV nemishonga yemahara, akabvisa zvimhingamipinyi zvikuru mudzidzo (kugovera matunhu, kudzikisa mukana wezvikoro nemayunivhesiti, zvikwereti zvevadzidzi), uye akasimudza kutarisiswa kwevezvenhau. Chokwadi, iye pachake akanga ari wevakuru. Asi kwete kune vekare vepamusoro vakavaka hupfumi hwavo pakushandiswa kwevashandi vakachipa (chengeta varombo varombo), asi kune vatsva vevakuru vakavaka hupfumi hwavo pakuwana purofiti kubva mukushandiswa kwevatengi (ita shuwa kuti vanhu vane mari yekutenga zvinhu, mune yake nyaya. se mobile tycoon, kunyanya kufona maminetsi). Kunetsana uku kwehupfumi hutsva uye hutsva hunosandura feudal serfs pazasi kuva vatengi vane simba, uye inoda kuti varidzi vezviremera vari pamusoro kuti vashanduke kuita mabhizinesi anodyidzana uye vatungamiriri vanotaurirana.
Mashoko mashoma kubva kumutungamiri mukuru.
Democracy haisi chinangwa changu
UN havasi amai vangu
Akadzinga mutori wenhau weBangkok Post uyo akafumura huori mukuvakwa kweSuvanaphumi.
Idzi ndidzo (shoma) nyaya dzehuori dziri kupomerwa iye dzichiri kutongwa. Hameno kuti akatiza.
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/politics/30328653