Mufananidzo wemepu yehumambo hwekare (Lanna nezvimwewo) munenge muna 1750
Wenguva dzose Thailand-goer angangove akajairana nezwi rekuti 'Thainess', asi ndivanaani chaizvo veThai? Ndiani akanga akanyorwa kuti? Thailand nemaThai vaisagara vakabatana sekuda kwekuti vamwe vanhu vafunge. Pazasi pane tsananguro pfupi yekuti 'Thai' aive ani, akava uye ari.
Chete vanhu vakabudirira ndivo T(h)ai
Marudzi aitaura 'Tai' (Thai, Lao uye Shan) mitauro - kunyangwe maererano nedzimwe dzidziso izwi rekuti Lao rakakodzera kupfuura izwi rekuti Tai - vakatama kubva kumaodzanyemba kweChina kuenda kuSoutheast Asia pakati pezana ramakore rechinomwe negumi nemaviri. VaMon-Khmer vakadzingwa munzvimbo iyi kana kutorwa nevanhu vanotaura chiTai. Nhasi, maTai achiri kutonga muThailand neLaos, asi akakoshawo madiki muVietnam neMyanmar (Burma). Asi havasi vese vakanzi Tai! Yakangorondedzera chikamu chevanhu: avo chete vakanga vasvika pane imwe nhanho uye chimiro vainzi Tai. Ava vaive 'vanhu vaigarisana nevamwe' (khon thaang sǎngkhom, คนทางสังคม). Izvi semusiyano kubva kune 'vanhu vakapusa' vezvakasikwa (khon thaang thammáchâat, คนทางธรรมชาติ).
Humambo hweThai hwaive nefeudal system ine masters uye serfs: Sakdina. Izwi rekuti Tai rakazoreva kuti 'vanhu vakasununguka' (sěrichon, เสรีชน): avo vaive vasiri varanda kana serfs, vaiita zveTheravada Buddhism, vaitaura 'central Thai' uye vaigara pasi pehutongi hwemitemo nemirau. Izvi zvakasiyana nekhàa (ข่า) uye khâa (ข้า). Makhàa akanga asingagoni kurava nokunyora, ane upenyu, vanhu vomusango vaigara kunze kwenyika yakabudirira. Makhàa vaive vanhu vaigara kunze kweguta/guta-nyika: the muuang (เมือง). Guta racho raimiririra budiriro, nzvimbo yokumaruwa ichireva vanhu vasina tsika. Makhâa vaive avo vaishanda seserf plebs (phrâi, ไพร่) kana varanda (thâat, ไทยส). Muzvinyorwa zvekare tinowana mashoko anoti 'phrâi fáa khâa tai' (ไพร่ฟ้าข้าไทย): 'Plebs dzedenga rekudenga, varanda veTai'. Kubva -pamwe- nguva yeAyutthaya (1351 - 176) vanhu havachatauri nezve Tai (ไท) asi Thai ( ไทย).
Isaaners haasi Thai asi Lao
Kusvika muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, izwi rekuti Thai raishandiswa kuratidza vanhu vekirasi (vakakwirira). Ava vaive vanhu vaive nechimiro chakati, mararamiro akabudirira uye tsika dzakafanana dzine tsika nehunhu zvakaenzana. Yakanga isinganyanyi kushanda kune vanhu vemazuva ese uye kwete zvachose kune vanhu veKhorat Plateau (yanhasi Isan). Iye nevagari veumambo hweLanna ( อาณาจักรล้านา ) kuchamhembe, vaionekwa seLao. Asi "Thai" haina kushanda kune vanobva kune dzimwe nyika: maChinese, maPezhiya uye vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vakadzingwa kubva munharaunda. Vashoma vemunharaunda vaigona kushanda nzira yavo kuenda kuThai kana vakawana chinzvimbo uye vakagovanisa zvimiro uye hunhu hwevakuru.
Izvi zvakachinja pasi paMambo weSiamese Nangklao (Rama III, 1824-1851) naMambo Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851-1868). 'Thai' zvino yakava avo vanotaura mutauro weThai. Izvi mukuwedzera kune mamwe (mutauro) mapoka akadai seLao, Mon, Khmer, Malaysians uye Cham. Muzana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe Thailand yaive nemarudzi akasiyana kupfuura Thailand nhasi! Pakanga pasina hunhu hwemadzinza eThai, uye kuyedza kushoma kwakaitwa kumanikidza tsika kana dzinza homogeneity pahuwandu. MaChina akasarudzika aigara nemitemo yavo, vanhu vedzinza vakawana rusarura rwakawanda, asi mamwe madiki akasangana nekubatwa kwakafanana nevamwe vese.
NaArnoldPlaton, .svg zvichibva pamepu iyi (kubva kuUTexas pasi pePublic Domain “Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.”) – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ w/index.php?curid=18524891
Kubuda kwerudzi rweThai pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19
Kutozosvika muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, hurumende yakajekesa kuvanhu vokuEurope kuti maThai nemaLao akanga asiri evanhu vamwe chete. 'VaLao varanda vevaThai' Mambo Monkut akadaro kwavari. MaThai haana kuvanza chokwadi chekuti Siam yaive humambo hukuru hune nyika zhinji dzevassal pasi penzvimbo yadzo, asi kuti Siam pachayo haina kureba kupfuura bani repakati (mupata werwizi rweChaophraya river). Nzvimbo dziri mhiri, dzakadai saLanna, dzaive dzichiri (dzakasununguka) dzakasununguka, mitero, humambo nemaguta. Asi pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe mufananidzo wakatanga kushanduka, rudzi/rudzi rwakanga rwaonekwa senyaya ine minzwa. Pakanga paine kunetseka kuri kuwedzera kuti masimba ekuMadokero aizotora nzvimbo kune zvikwereti kuBangkok. Pasi paMambo Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868-1910), kutorwa kwenzvimbo kwakatangwa kubva kuBangkok. Semuenzaniso, Humambo hweLanna hwakagadzwa semutevedzeri kubva kuBangkok muna 1877 uye hwaizobatanidzwa zvachose muna 1892. Somuenzaniso, Mambo Chulalongkorn, pakugadza Mutungamiriri wokutanga waMambo weChiang Mai muna 1883, akanyevera kuti: “Unofanira kuyeuka kuti paunotaura nomunhu wokuMadokero nomuLao, unofanira kujekesa kuti WokuMadokero ‘ndivo’. uye kuti Lao iThai. Asi kana ukataura neLao neThai, unofanirwa kujekesa kuti maLao ndivo 'ivo' uye kuti maThai 'isu'.
Makore mashoma gare gare, mambo akasvika pakunzwisisa kutsva kweThai neLao. Akaudza makomishina mu'mapurovhinzi eLao kuti vaThai neLao ndeve'Châat' (rudzi), vanotaura mutauro mumwe chete uye ndeveumambo humwe chete. Neizvi, mambo akatumira chiratidzo chakajeka kune, semuenzaniso, maFrench: nzvimbo dzinosanganisira Phuthai, Lao, Lao Phuan uye maChinese akawira pasi pekutonga kweBangkok. Yakanga isiri kusvika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe apo izwi rekuti 'Châat Thai' (ชาติไทย) rakambundirwa kureva 'nyika yeThai'.
Prince Damrong akaudza Mambo Chulalongkorn zvaimunetsa kana izwi rekuti Châat Thai risingazokonzere kusagadzikana pakati pevasiri vedzinza reThais sekuti izwi rekuti 'chaat' (kuzvarwa) munguva yakapfuura raingoreva hunhu hwemumwe munhu panguva yekuzvarwa, uye hurumende yakanga isati yabudirira kushandura mapoka madiki kuita 'Thai'. Takatarisana nenzvimbo uye madzinza maitiro ekupikisa centralization (internal colonization) neBangkok, kunyangwe Chulalongkorn akaratidza kunzwira tsitsi kuzvitonga nevapanduki kumaodzanyemba, kuchamhembe uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva: 'Tinoona matunhu aya seedu, asi izvo hazvisi izvo. chokwadi, sezvo vaMalay neLao vachiona matunhu seavo'.
Kunobva: Wikipedia
Centralization kubva Bangkok
Nekuda kwemaitiro ekuwedzera pakati pekutonga uye kuganhurwa kwemiganhu yenyika, Thai-ification yakaenderera. Sekureva kwaCrown Prince Vajiravudh, madzinza madiki, varimi, vaifanira 'kupingudzwa' uye 'kuitwa vepamba'. Muna 1900 pakanga pachine mufananidzo weThailand yakasiyana-siyana umo maigara vanhu vakawanda. Vakuru muBangkok vanodaidza vagari vemazuva ano kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweThailand se 'Lao'.
Asi maLao aive akakura muhukuru, pamwe kunyangwe ruzhinji rwevanhu (saka zita rekuti Thailand rakarurama here, isu tinogona kubvunza, kana maThai asiri iwo boka guru revagari?). Pasi paPrince Damrong, akatungamira Bazi rezvemukati richangogadzwa, pfungwa yekuti maLao vaive veThai yakava chikamu chemutemo. Akataura nezvekuguma kwevassal uye semi-vassal states, kuita kuti vanhu vose vaThai uye varege kuvatumidza kuti Lao kana Malaysian. Sokunge kwakanga kuri kusanzwisisa kwose, akataura kuti vaLao vanotaura chiThai nenzira yechienzi, naizvozvo vanhu vomuBangkok vakavaona sevaLao. Asi zvino zvave kuzivikanwa kuti vaThai, kwete vaLao'. Sekureva kwemuchinda, kwaive nevanhu vazhinji kunze kweSiam, vakaita seLao, Shan naLue, vakazvipa marudzi ese emazita, asi chokwadi vese ndevevanhu veThai. Vese vaive verudzi rweThai uye vakazviona sevaThai maererano nekutaura kwepamutemo
Pakuverenga kwevanhu kwekutanga muna 1904, hurumende yakataura kuti maLao anofanirwa kuonekwa seThai, achigumisa kuti Siam yaive "nyika ine dzinza rimwe chete ine 85% yeThai". Masimba emakoloni haana kukwanisa kushandisa izvi kurwisa Bangkok nekubvisa kuzivikanwa kweLao. Asi dai Lao yakaverengerwa sekirasi yakaparadzana, maThai angadai asina kuumba ruzhinji rwevanhu vane tsika dzakasiyana. Muna 1913 census, vagari vaisagona kutaura kuti vaive Lao, asi vaive "chikamu chemujaho weThai." Prince Damrong akatumidzazve matunhu eLao uye dunhu rose reLao rakadhindwa 'Isaan' kana 'kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva'.
Muna 1906, Mambo Chulalongkorn akakurukura mutemo wedzidzo mune yaimbove umambo hweLanna, achiti "chishuwo ndechekuti maLao anzwisise zvakanakira kubatana neThai. Naizvozvo, avo vane basa redzidzo havafanire kutarisa pasi Lao seyakaderera kune Thai mune zvese. Anofanira kutsvaga nzira yekuti vakuru vehurumende uye vanhuwo zvavo vave vamwe nemaThai. Kana maLao akanaka, anozopihwa mubairo sewaThai.
Nekudaro, kubatana uku nekumisikidzwa kwemifananidzo yenyika uye yekuda nyika hakuna kufamba zvakanaka nguva dzose, ona semuenzaniso mharidzo yakaitwa naProfessor Andrew Walker nezve kumukira kwaShan:
Zie ok: www.thailandblog.nl/background/shan-opstand-noord-thailand/
Muzana remakore rechi20, Thailand yakabatana kuva vanhu vamwe
Nenzira inoshamisa, makore akati wandei mushure mekuverenga kwevanhu muna 1904, vese vaitaura mutauro weThai (pakati Thai, Lao, Shan, Puthai, nezvimwewo) vakava "vagari veThai" uye nhengo dze "Thai rudzi." Thai zvino yakagadzira ruzhinji munyika. Zvakatsauka, zvitupa zvedunhu zvakadzvinyirirwa. Nhoroondo yakanyorwa patsva uye vagari vese vaive zvino vaThai uye vagara vari. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, izwi rekuti 'Thai' rakanga risisaratidzi chimiro chemunhu, asi nyika yake.
Maererano ne1912 Education Act, vadzidzisi muumambo hwese vaifanira kudzidzisa vadzidzi vavo "maitiro ekuzvibata seakanaka Thai", nhoroondo yerudzi rweThai neThai uye kudzivirira nekuchengetedza nyika . Mitauro kunze kweCentral Thai yakarambidzwa mukirasi.
Pasi pemitemo yakanyanyisa yenyika yemudzvanyiriri Munda Marshal Phibun Songkraam muma30 nekutanga 40s, Thainess yakashongedzwa zvakare mukati. Vaive mu19de zana mazwi 'Châat Thai' (ชาติไทย), 'Muuang Thai' (เมืองไทย), 'Pràthêt Thai' (ประเทศไทย) uye 'Sàyǎam' (สย ไมมมุบบลมมมมมมมมมมมมมบ Hondo Yenyika II, nyika yacho yainzi Thailand. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Thailand yakava nyika yakabatana, ine homogeneous uko anenge munhu wese ane dzinza reThai, ari chikamu chemujaho weThai, muBhudha uye zvechokwadi anoteerera mutemo kune nyika yeThai.
Sources:
-Kukudziridzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwemazuva ano Thailand, Federico Ferrara. 2015.
-Chokwadi paMuedzo muThailand, David Streckfuss, 2010.
-Kuverenga 'kwedzinza' kwenhoroondo ye 'Thai' munguva yeruzevha yemukuru wekare 'Thai' yenyika modhi, - David Streckfuss, 2012.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages
– https://pantip.com/topic/37029889
Pamepu nemapoka emarudzi, tinoona kuti ma'Thai' akawanda sei… aine chinyoreso muruoko, nhoroondo yakakwenywa. Mumakore mashoma ekupedzisira ezana ramakore re19th, nzvimbo iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva yaive ichiri 'Monthon Lao Kao' (มณฑลลาวกาว): matunhu eLaotian akawira pasi peBangkok. Uye mukati memakore mashoma Prince Damrong akasvika pano 'Monthon tawan tok chiang nuea' (มณฑลตะวันอกเฉียงเหนือ): dunhu rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Uye pasina nguva refu (ca 1900) vakauya naIsaan ( มณฑลอีสาน ), zvinorevawo kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva.
Kutenderera panguva ino, nhoroondo yaive zvakare ichiunganidzwa muPrachoem Phongsawadan (ประชุมพงศาวดาร). Mune imwe vhezheni yekare yakaramba ichireva Lao, asi pasi pePrince Damrong izvi zvakadonhedzwa uye izvi zvakashandurwa kuita 'Thai' kune imwe nyowani edition. Izvi dzimwe nguva zvaiguma nemagwaro asina kururama.
Muenzaniso apo A anochinja kuita B:
1A: Zvizvarwa zvenzvimbo iyi (khon phuen mueang) iLao,
Khmer (Khamen), uye Suai, rudzi (chat), uye [mukuwedzera] kune vanhu vevamwe
nyika (prathet uen), dzakadai seThai, Farang [Westerners], Vietnamese, Burmese,
Tongsu, uye maChinese, avo vakagadzikana kuita kutengeserana nehuwandu hukuru.
คนพื้นเมืองเปนชาติ, ลาว, เขมร, ส่วย, แลมีีีชน ่นคือไทย, ฝรั่ง, ญวน, พม่า, ตองซู,
จีน, เข้าไปตั้งประกอบการค้าขยเปนอันมาก
1B: Vanhu veko vanonyanya kuThai. Mukuwedzera kune Thai,
kune Khmer, Suai, uye Lawa,16 uye vanhu vedzimwe nyika dzakadai seFarang,
Vietnamese, Burmese, Tongsu, uye Chinese vakagara, asi havana vazhinji.
Ruzivo rwakawanda Ruzivo rwakawanda,
ญวน, พม่า, ตองซู, จีน, เข้าไปอยู่บ้างน แตา่ไมม่
2A: “Apo vanhu verudzi rweLao (chon chat lao) vanga vari mu
nyika (prathet) kuchamhembe, .." งเหนือ)
2B: “Apo vanhu verudzi rweThai (chon chat thai) vanga varipo
kunyika yokumusoro” เหนือ).
Nezve kumukira (vapanduki veLao vanova vapanduki veThai ??):
3A: Panguva iyoyo, kudivi remhuri dzeLao neKhmer, avo,
nekuraira kwaChao Pasak (Yo), akange aunganidzwa ndokuramba ari muguta re
Champasak, paakanzwa nhau yekuti mauto eBangkok amukira ...
mugore renguruve, 1189 yeLesser Era [1827 AD], vaya vaLao neKhmer.
mhuri dzose dzakabatana mukupisa moto muguta reChampasak.
( ) โย่) ู้ข่าว
ว่ากองทัพกรุงยกขึ้นไป ครั้น… ปีกุนนพศก จุล
Mamwe mashoko
3B: Panguva iyoyo, kune idzo mhuri dzeThai neKhmer, avo,
nekuraira kwaChao Champasak (Yo), akange aunganidzwa ndokuramba ari muguta
veChampasak, pavakanzwa nhau yekuti mauto eBangkok amukira ...
mugore renguruve, 1189 yeLesser Era [1827 AD], mhuri idzodzo dzose dzakabatana.
mukupisa moto wekupisa guta reChampasak.
Ruzivo rwakawanda
ข่าวว่ากองทัพกรุงยกขึ้นไป ครั้น ... More information
จำาปาศักดิ์ลุกลามขึ้น ...
Nenzira iyi unopedzisira uine mepu, sezvatinoona pakati nepakati, apo mapoka eThai 'emarudzi' anotonga nyika. Iwe hausisiri kuona kuti nyika yacho mune chokwadi chakasiyana.
Sources:
-Kugadzirwa kwe "Isan" Nhoroondo (Akiko Iijima)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthon
nyaya yakanaka. mudzimai wangu anobva kuUttaradit. anozviti ndiye Thai pachake, asiwo anotaura uye anonyora Laotian. sevanhu vakawanda pano. inotoenda kure zvokuti vanhu vakuru chaivo, kusanganisira vamwene vangu vane makore 78 okukura, vanotaura chiLaotian pakati pavo.
Kutove nemhuri "kure" inogara mhiri kwebhodha yavanongoonana navo, kunyanya pamariro.
Mhuri ye "vakuru" vese vanogara munzvimbo iri pamuganhu neLaos.
Chiang rai, Phayao, Nan, etc kusvika kuUbon Ratchatani
Ndafara kuwana tsananguro pano.
Chinyorwa chakanaka, Rob V.! Inojekesa zvakawanda nezvematambudziko achiri kutarisana neThailand.
Kadhi rekutanga rinoti 'Tai Lue' mune yakasvibira. Kunoratidzwa nzvimbo dzavanogara kumaodzanyemba kweChina uko vanonzi 'Dai', uye kuchamhembe kweLaos. Asi nharaunda zhinji dzekugara dzeThai Lue muNorthern Thailand, vatorwa mumakore apfuura 100-150 makore, havana kuratidzwa.
Mwanakomana wangu 'hafu' Thai Lue. Amai vake vaigara vachitaura kuti chiziviso chake chekutanga ndi 'Thai Lue' uyezve 'Thai'. Ini ndinofungidzira kuti izvi zvinoshandawo kune akawanda maIsaner.
Izvo zvisina kunyatsojeka pano ndezvekuti kwemazana emakore "miganhu" pakati pevanhu (uye kunyanya maKhmer nemaBurmese, avo vasina kutaurwa pano) vakachinja zvakanyanya. Kupfuurirazve, kwave kune kuvhengana kwakasimba zvikuru kwamarudzi, pashure pokunge rimwe rakundazve rimwezve.
Pamuganho weTH-KH (=Cambodia), vazhinji vavo vachiri kutaura Khmer pakati pavo, uye zvidzidzo zveanthropological zvinoratidza mamwe maitiro eKhmer.
Uyezve: muno muNL - uye zvechokwadi ku d'n BEls - chiitiko chimwe chete chakaitika mumakore, Dutch zvishoma nezvishoma yakava mutauro wevanhu vose uye chiFrisian, Twents, Drents, Limburgs nezvimwe zvakasundirwa parutivi. EN BE haisati yatombovapo kwemakore 200.
Muchikamu chinotevera ndichataura pamusoro pemiganhu, kana kuti pane kushayikwa kwayo. Kwaiva nemaguta (muang, เมือง), aiva nemadzimambo kana kuti vanokudzwa. Ava vaive nekutonga pamusoro penzvimbo yakapoteredza muang uye dzimwe nguva vaifamba nzendo kupinda mumasango kunopamba dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogarwa (kunyanya kuita vanhu varanda) uye/kana kudzora mamwe muang kuti vave mutero. Vamwe muang vaive nechikwereti kune more than 1 higher muang. Kwakanga kusina miganhu yakajeka kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 19. Paive zvakare nekupindirana kwenzvimbo, akati wandei muang aifunga nzvimbo iri pasi penzvimbo yavo yekufurira. Zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti kupambwa uku, hondo uye vapoteri zvakakonzerawo kuti vanhu vapedzisire pano nepapo. Siam pachayo aive mupambi mukuru uye mupambi. Mepu ine mukurumbira wakashata inoratidza ingangoita yese yeSoutheast Asia kubva kuMalaysia kuenda kuChina se 'Thai' saka inosekesa propaganda. Thongchai Winichakul anotsanangura zvese izvi zvakanaka mubhuku rake 'Siam mapped'. Ini ndichanyora chimwe chinhu chinoenderana nebhuku iro, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, asi hazvizove zvakagadzirira nekupenya. Kunyangwe vamwe Thais vachiri kudonhedza misodzi yegarwe pamusoro penzvimbo yakarasika / yakatorwa uye vachiramba kusiyana kukuru pakati pevanhu kana izvo zvisingakodzere ivo (kana, kana zvichivakodzera, vanopomera Thais kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzepasi sevatengesi vasiri veThai) .
Asi ndatenda nemhinduro yako. Zvakare, iyi ingori pfupiso pfupi, asi inzwa wakasununguka kutsanangura pane zvimwe zvinhu.
Kuenzanisira izvo Shanduko inonyora; Kutanga kwegore rino, ambuya vemumwe wangu vakashaya. Akanga ava nemakore ekuma1991 uye aigara mumusha uri pakati peguta reBuriram nemuganhu neCambodia. Ambuya ava vaitaura chiKhmer chete uye, kunze kwekushanya kusingawanzoitiki kuguta, vakanga vasina kumbobva munharaunda yacho. Mumwe wangu, akaberekwa muna XNUMX, akadzidza mutauro weKhmer pachikoro chepuraimari. Thai waive mutauro wekudzidzisa pachikoro chesekondari muBuriram uye chikoro chesekondari muBangkok.
Ari panhovo yerufu, akaedza kuonekana naambuya vake muKhmer kuburikidza nenharembozha ndokuona kuti akange asisagone kushandisa Khmer, iye achiri kutaura kuti anoinzwisisa. Pandinotaura naye mazwi mashoma echiKhmer nezvirevo zvandakadzidza kuCambodia, naiyewo haanyatsozvinzwisisa. Kubva pane izvi ndinonzwisisa kuti Khmer inotaurwa kuCambodia inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuKhmer inotaurwa muBuriram.
Ndichiri kukanganwa punchline; ambuya ava vaingotaura Khmer uye havana kumbodzidza mutauro weThai.
Zvinoshamisa kuti vanhu vadiki veThai havataurwe chero kupi, vanhu vakaita seMani.