Kupandukira kweShan muNorthern Thailand, 1902-1904
Kuti nyika yeSiamese yakavapo sei uye kupokana nayo naMambo Chulalongkorn seGreat Colonizer.
Nhanganyaya: Mambo Chulalongkorn uye kuumbwa kweSiam
Izvo zvinogara zvichiratidzwa nekudada kune vana veThai uye vekuMadokero inyaya yekuti nyika yeSiamese haina kumbobvira yatorwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa naMambo Chulalongkorn akangwara uye anoshanda nesimba (Rama V, akatonga 1868-1910) akakwanisa kumisa zvishuvo zveFrench neBritish.
Icho ichokwadi, asi chinofuratira chimwe chokwadi, chinova chekuti Mambo Chulalongkorn pachake aive mukoloni. Akanga ari mhumhi duku yakatora izvo mapere makuru, England neFrance, akasiya shure. Panzendo dzake dzekuSingapore, Java neBritish India (1870-1872), aiwanzoratidza kuyemura kwake kutonga kwekoloni munzvimbo idzodzo uye pasina kushora ukoloni pachahwo. Chiitiko ichocho chaive chitubu chepfungwa dzake dzepashure nezve 'mazuva ano' eSiam.
Kubva pakutonga kwababa vake, Mambo Mongkut (Rama IV, akatonga 1851-1868), maBritish aive nesimba rakasimba pamatongerwo ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi ehurumende yeSiamese. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vekuBritain vainakidzwa nemutemo wekunze: kwaive nematare eBritish akaparadzana muSiam, ayo aizongodzoserwa kumashure naPridi Banomyong mushure mekumukira kwa1932. Paivawo neropafadzo dzakawanda dzekutengeserana. Mongkut naChulalongkorn vakazvikomberedza nemazana evapi vezano vekuMadokero vaive nesimba rakakosha pamutemo weSiamese. Vanakomana vazhinji vaChulalongkorn (40+) vakadzidza kumadokero.
Kana isu tava kufunga ukuru hweHurumende yeThailand, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, panguva yekutonga kweMongkut uye makumi emakore ekutanga eChulalongkorn, Umambo hweSiam hwakanga huri kuBangkok, Central Plain uye chikamu. kubva kumaodzanyemba. Kumaodzanyemba kwaive humambo hwakazvimirira hweLanna (Chiang Mai, ivo panguva iyoyo vainzi 'Lao'), kwaive nevakuru vakazvimiririra (vamwe vaivadaidza kuti 'madzimambo') muLampang, Phrae neNan, makurukota akazvimirira mune yave kunzi Isan uye The. Deep Maodzanyemba nehuwandu hwayo hwechiMalay-Muslim yakanga ichiri yakazvimiririra. Vese vaive nechikwereti kuBangkok (nerwendo rwekuenda kuBangkok kamwe chete pagore kunonwa 'mvura yekuvimbika') asi neimwe nzira vakazvimiririra zvachose mumutemo wavo. Chulalongkorn akagumisa izvi, mukubatana, nemvumo uye dzimwe nguva nekumwe kuramba kweBritish nemaFrench, avo vakatenda nyika yekuNorth uye mambo ane hushamwari uye ane tsitsi.
Hondo yeBritish payakawedzera hutongi hwayo pamusoro peBurma ikarwa neKonbaung Dynasty (1885-1887), aive Mambo Chulalongkorn akabatsira maBritish nekutumira chikafu.
chulalongkornChulalongkorn yakadzora nzvimbo dziri Maodzanyemba, Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Maodzanyemba, iyo yakazogadzira iyo hombe yeSiam (yakazonzi Thailand kubva 1946). Kubva muna 1880 zvichienda mberi akatumira zvishoma nezvishoma vashandi vake vehurumende, mapurisa, mauto uye kunyanya vateresi kuChamhembe, Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Maodzanyemba. Mumakore akatevera vakabudirira zvishoma nezvishoma mukupidigura vatongi vomunharaunda, nevaSiamese (kureva vanhu vokuBangkok) vachitora nzvimbo yavo. Muitiro iwoyo wakatozopedzwa pakasvika 1910. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti mauto panguva yekutonga kwaChulalongkorn akadzidziswa kuti asakunda vavengi vekunze asi kuti atsigire uye apedze hutongi hwake hwepamba.
Kupikisa zviito zvaChulalongkorn kwaive kwakapfava. Paive nekuramba kusingaite, sezviri pachena kubva muhupenyu hwemumongi Phra Khruba Si Wichai, uyo achiri kukudzwa kuChamhembe, asi kwaivewo nekumukira kwechisimba kushoma, iko zvino kwave kuda kukanganwa kunyangwe kutaurwa muchidimbu mumabhuku. Zviitiko izvi hazvikodzere munhoroondo yehumambo muThailand yemazuva ano.
Iko 'Phu mi bun' kumukira munaIsaan 1902
'Phu mi bun' (phôe: mie boen) zvinoreva: 'vanhu vakakodzera'. Yakanga iri sangano rechitendero rinotungamirirwa nemurume 'mutsvene', muporofita, Ong Man, uyo akarwisa nzvimbo yeSiamese muUbon Rachathani nevanhu vakati wandei vaiva nezvombo. Vakahwina makwikwi akati wandei, asi uto duku raitungamirirwa naSanphasit (mukoma waChulalongkorn) rakavandira. Mazana mazhinji evapanduki akaurayiwa, vamwe vakatorwa (ona mufananidzo). Vamwe vakakwanisa kutizira kunharaunda yechiFrench-Laotian kwavakapfuurira kuramba kwavo kwenguva yakati.
The Shan Rebellion 1902-1904
Izvi zvaive zvehukuru uye hunotyisa zvakanyanya. VaShan, vanonziwo Thai Yai, vanhu vanobva kuBurma, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwedunhu reChiang Mai. Mumakore anotungamira kumukirana kwa1902, zviuru zveShan zvakauya kuNorthern Thailand kuzoshanda muindasitiri yetiak (inodzorwa neBritish), sevatengesi uye mumigodhi yeruby pedyo nePhrae. Muchikamu izvi zvaive mugumisiro wemhirizhonga, kurwisana uye nzara muBurmese Shan states. Vaive vanhu vekuBritain asi vainzwa kuti vari kushandiswa nevaSiamese. (Zvakare, 'Siamese' chaizvoizvo zvinoreva 'vanhu vanobva Bangkok'). Vaifanira kubhadhara mutero pazvinhu zvose: fodya, zvikepe, kutakura mahesera nenguruve.
H.M. JensenMuna July 1902, mapurisa aida kusunga chikwata cheShan chemakororo. Izvozvo zvakakundikana, mapurisa akatiza uye Shan akavatorera zvombo. Boka revapanduki rakakura kusvika mazana uye vakarwisa guta rePhrae. VaSiamese vakatiza, vaShan vakatora guta, vakapamba uye vakauraya vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeSiamese, zvichida nerubatsiro rwevakuru veko vakanga varasikirwa nezvinzvimbo zvavo. Vakabva vafamba vachienda kuLampang uko mapurisa aitungamirwa neMutungamiriri weDane HM Jensen uye achibatsirwa naLouis T. Leonowens (mwanakomana waAnna mu Mambo neni nyaya), yakasimudzwa.
Dane Jensen akazourayiwa apo aidzingirira vapanduki veShan pedyo neNgao (Phayao). Guva rake riri muChiang Mai (ona mufananidzo), akabhadharwa naMambo Chulalongkorn uyo akapawo chirikadzi yake mari. Mutungamiriri wevapanduki akaurayiwawo mukurwiswa kwaLampang.
Mutongi wePhrae (mambo?) akanga atizira kuLuang Prabang muFrench Laos. Siamese akakunda akamupomera mhosva yekubatana nevapanduki veShan ndokumutongera rufu asipo.
Zvichakadaro, uto reSiamese rezviuru zvevarwi rakasvika richitungamirwa naMarshal Surasak. Vakadzingirira vapanduki kuchamhembe. Mumusha weTa Pha pedyo neChiang Kham vakakonzera kumwe kuurayiwa kwevanhu vasina mhosva. Vapanduki veShan vakatora Chiang Khong naChiang Saen kwechinguva. Kumukira kwacho kwakatozoguma pakupera kwa1903 uye kutanga kwa1904 apo vakasara vevapanduki pedyo neChiang Khong vakatizira ku (French) Laos.
Mushure mekumukira uku, mazhinji emauto kubva Bangkok akamiswa kuchamhembe. Kunyoreswa kwakawedzerwa kuNorth neNortheast uye hutongi kubva kuBangkok hwakasimbiswa.
Aive mambo weBangkok, Chulalongkorn, akapidigura mamwe ma monarchies, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweSiam. Mhirizhonga iyi ndiyo yakakonzera kusimbaradza masimba munyika yose. Aya ndiwo matangiro akaita Siam anodada, anonzi Thailand, Nyika Yemahara, kubvira 1946.
Pano, muzvikamu zvina, ndiyo nhoroondo ine mhirizhonga yekumukira uku ine zvimwe zvekuwedzera uye ruzivo:
Muvhidhiyo iyi, Muzvinafundo Andrew Walker vanokurukura kumukira kweShan zvakanyanya uye kukosha kwayo pakuumbwa kwenyika yeThai:
[embedyt] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6e9xeUmhDZc[/embedyt]
Ichi zvakare chikamu chekudzidza pane kupa mabvi-jerk reaction kune, asi ndinoda kuratidza kuonga kwangu chero zvakadaro.
Iwe wakashandura iyo isina kurongeka data kubva ku hlaoo's blogspot kuita nyaya inonzwisisika - hapana basa diki.
Isu tose tinokanganiswa neimwe nzira yekurerutsa yekuona mamiriro ezvinhu aripo seanongomuka kubva kare; naizvozvo zvinoitawo sezviri pamutemo.
Nzvimbo yaibvunzwa yaive patchwork seGermany pamberi peBismarck, uye Europe isati yasikwa yeEuropean Union.
Zvechokwadi Lanna yakanga isina kurongerwa kuve chikamu cheSiam-Thailand, yakanga 'yakasununguka' kwemazana mashoma emakore, kureva sangano risina kugadzikana, riine vassal state yeBurma neSiam uye dzimwe nguva zvose zviri zviviri. Siam aivewo 'akazvimiririra', asi nenyasha dzeEngland neFrance.
Nekuburitsa uku kupanduka kwaShan, waedza nzira iyi.
Chidimbu chine ruzivo kwazvo, zvinoratidza kuti pakanga paine nguva dzemhirizhonga dzekusvika kuSiam yanhasi.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti chikamu chenhoroondo ichi hachizobhuroka zvakakomba zvakare, uko kune madzitateguru anogona kunge achiri nepfupa rekunhonga.
Tichifunga nezvekukakavadzana kwaHoekse naKabbeljouwse munguva pfupi yapfuura, unofunga here kuti pamwe patova nemaapuro ekuti apunurwe uye ari kupepetwa?
NicoB
Ndatenda zvakare kuna Tino nekuunza kutarisisa kune (isingazivikanwe) peji renhoroondo. Mufananidzo weimwe nyika yakabatana, inobereka iyo yanga iri shamwari dzepedyo neBangkok kwezvizvarwa zvinonyatsoroverwa kumba. Takaona izvozvo zvakare uye zvakare munhoroondo / vanhu / tsika mamuseum. Kusimbisa zvisungo izvozvo, uye kusataura izvo zvisingaenderane navo, kana kusashandisa mepu yenhoroondo uyezve kushandisa muganhu wemazuva ano Thailand nenzvimbo muLaos neBurma ... Kunyange zvazvo zvingave zvinonyadzisa kune zvakawanda kana zvishoma kurasikirwa neruzivo irworwo ngazviende uye munhu wese ane ruzivo uye kunzwisisa anoziva kuti hakuna nyika 'yakachena', isina mhirizhonga (yekunze neyemukati) kana isingakundwe, nezvimwe.
Nyatsotenda yako yakasimba uye yakasiyana neyakajairwa misoro. Asi chiri kumboregeredzwa pano ndechekuti panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina kana "nyika" manzwiro ane miganhu nezvimwewo sezvatinoziva nyika dzakazvimiririra. Pakanga pasina muganho chaiwo, pasina migwagwa, chokwadi chete chirevo chaikosha ndechekuti ndiani aibhadhara mutero (mutero - wainyanya kuitirwa semari yekudzivirira) kunaani. Kunyangwe izvi zvingave zvakatotanga kuderera kusvika kuma1900. Nenzira, avo Shan / Karyen / Thai Yai ivo pachavo vane maonero akasiyana pazvinhu izvi - sezvavachiri kuita.
Izvi zvakaitirwawo kunetesa idzo nyaya dzenhoroondo kubva ku15th/16th etc. zana rekuti Thailand kana Burma vaive nesimba - pakanga pasina kana vanhu vaigara imomo (vasingasviki miriyoni imwe) uye ndiye aingove ane mari yakawanda. .akakwanisa kuunganidza.
Chokwadi, pakanga pasina miganhu chaiyo, yaingova nhanho dzevatongi vaipota vachibuda neuto. Akabva audza vanhu kuti ‘imi muri vangu, ndipei zvinhu’ ndokuenda, kuti vasadzoka kwenguva refu. Zuva rakatevera mumwe mutongi akauya kuguta rimwe chetero nenyaya imwe cheteyo. Sezvaunotaura, hapana, hapana nyika kana nyika kunzwa.
Miganhu yeidzo nyika/madzishe yaive isina kujeka, yaipindirana, ichichinja. Siam payakazotanga kudhirowa miganhu, vanga vachiri kujeka uye isu tiri kutaura nezve kupera kwezana ramakore re19. Ini zvino ndofungawo imwe dunhu, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, uye Angkor Wat. Mazuvano vanhu vave kuda kunyatsoziva kuti muganhu unoenda kupi uye mhirizhonga yese iyi yamuka yekuti square metre ndeyaani.
Nenzira, pakupera kwevhidhiyo (mushure memaminitsi gumi nematanhatu) tinokurukura muchidimbu izvo Tino anonongedzawo pano nezve colonization naChulalongkorn. Cho Phiriya Chai Thepawong (mutongi wePrea) anotiza, komisheni anobva kuBangkok anotora nzvimbo yake. Muzvinafundo anobva abvunza kuti musoro mumwe wakakwanisa sei kutonga/kutonga ma monarchies ese, nyika yese. 'tinogona kushamisika kuti sei Siam isingave nemadzimambo maviri kana matatu'.
'….. kuti panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina kunzwa kwe "nyika" ine miganhu nezvimwe. sezvatava kuziva nyika dzakazvimiririra.'
Chaizvo, kana neimwe nzira, uye ndizvo chaizvo zvandinotaura uye ndiyo hwaro hwenyaya iyi. Izvo zvinopesana nemafungiro akajairwa kuti pakanga patove nemhando ye "nyika manzwiro" uye 'muganho' muzana ramakore re19: 'Tese tiri Thai uye vanotongwa naMambo muBangkok'. Mabhuku enhoroondo yeThai anonyepedzera kuti Siam yaive yakakura kwazvo kubva ku1800 zvichienda mberi: kusanganisira Laos, Cambodia, zvikamu zveBurma, China neVietnam zvine miganhu yakatarwa. Saka zvisina maturo.
ona: Tongchai Winichakul 'Siam Mapped, 1994
Iye zvino tarisa kwakabva mari yemutero uye kwainoshandiswa kana kushandiswa. iyo (nhau) zvirongwa paThai (Bangkok) TV uye iwe uchiri kuona iwowo mutsara wekuparadzanisa.