Ziva Thailand (16): Tsika yeThai

Tisati takurukura tsika dzeThai, zvakanaka kutsanangura pfungwa yetsika. Tsika zvinoreva nzanga yose inogara vanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafungiro, manzwire nemaitiro evanhu, pamwe chete netsika, tsika, tsika, zviratidzo netsika dzavanogovana. Tsika dzinogona zvakare kureva kune zvimwe zvinhu zvenzanga zvakaita sehunyanzvi, zvinyorwa, mimhanzi, chitendero, mutauro, zvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, sainzi, tekinoroji, uye sangano remagariro. Chimwe chimiro chetsika imararamiro anoita vanhu verimwe boka kana nharaunda nekudyidzana kwavo nevamwe uye nemamwe mapoka kana nharaunda.

Tsika yeThai zvirokwazvo yakakosha, isanganiswa yakasarudzika yemaitiro akasiyana, kusanganisira ayo anobva kunyika dziri pedyo dzeLaos, Cambodia neMalaysia. Kune akawanda chaiwo tsika uye tsika muThai tsika dzinosiyana nedunhu uye neboka remagariro munogara vanhu.

Chitendero: Buddhism

Chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzeThai uye chinozivikanwa zvikuru chiBuddhism, chitendero chakanyanya kutonga munyika. Inenge 95% yehuwandu hweThai ndeyeBuddhist uye Buddhism inoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva netsika. Matemberi, anonziwo Wat, inzvimbo dzakakosha dzekunamatira nekufungisisa uye mamongi inhengo dzinoremekedzwa munharaunda. Kune zvakare mamwe mapoka ezvitendero muThailand, anosanganisira Islam, chiKristu, uye Hinduism. Mapoka aya anogarisana murunyararo uye munyika mune kushivirirana kwezvitendero kwakanyanya. Pamusoro pematemberi, iwe zvakare uchasangana nemamosque, machechi nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekunamatira muThailand. Thais kazhinji anoshivirira zvimwe zvitendero kana zvitendero.

Chitendero: Animism

Animism inzira yekare yechitendero inoona zvisikwa sehupenyu uye manzwiro. Kutenda kuti chinhu chose chipenyu chine mweya. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvinhu zvakaita semiti, nzizi uye makomo zvine mweya maererano netsika yemhuka. Mweya iyi inoonekwa semweya inochengeta inobatsira kuita kuti hupenyu humhanye mukuwirirana. MuThailand, animism ichiri chinhu chakakosha uye tsika mumaruwa uye mumaguta makuru. Madzinza madiki ari munyika, akadai saKaren, maHmong neMoken, zvakare vatsigiri vane hutsinye hweanimism, asiwo pakati pevaThai vanobva, semuenzaniso, kuIsaan, unoona vateveri vazhinji uye kutaura kwekutenda uku. Animism muThailand yakapesvedzerawo hunyanzvi hwenyika uye zvivakwa. Matemberi mazhinji uye zvivakwa zvitsvene zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yemhuka uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvine chekuita nemidzimu inochengeta. Izvi zviratidzo zvinoshanda kwete senzira yekukudza midzimu yekuchengetedza, asiwo senzira yekuyeuchidza vanhu kuti zvose zvakatipoteredza zvine mweya. Dzimba zhinji dzemidzimu dziri pedyo nedzimba nezvivakwa zvakare kuratidzwa kweizvi.

Mutauro nemutauro

MuThailand, kune mitauro yakawanda inotaurwa neThais munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika. Aya matauriro anowanzoenderana nedunhu uye anogona kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yakajairika Thai, iyo yakavakirwa pamutauro unotaurwa pakati penyika. Mamwe emitauro mikuru inotaurwa muThailand ndeiyi:

• Iripo: Mutauro uyu unotaurwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweThailand uye unoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemutauro weLaotian. Isan dialect ndiyo inonyanya kutaurwa muThailand uye inotaurwa nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu.
• Vadivelu Comedy Northern Thai: Mutauro uyu unotaurwa kuchamhembe kweThailand uye unoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemutauro weBurmese-Yojana.
• Southern Thai: Uyu mutauro unotaurwa kumaodzanyemba kweThailand uye une simba reMalay.
• Bata Tai: Mutauro uyu unotaurwa kumabvazuva kweThailand uye une simba reCambodian.

Kunyange matauriro aya achigona kusiyana zvakanyanya, vanhu vazhinji muThailand vanogonawo kutaura nekunzwisisa Standard Thai, iyo inobatsira pakukurukurirana pakati pevanhu vanobva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika.

Hierarchy uye rukudzo

Thailand inzvimbo yakasarudzika, umo kuremekedza vakura, vadzidzisi, mamongi, zviremera uye mhuri yehumambo inoita basa rakakosha. Mutsika yeThai, vanhu vanotarisirwa kuratidza ruremekedzo rwavo nekukotamisa misoro yavo, kupeta maoko avo (Wai), kutaura navo nezita rekuti "khun", uye kuzvibata zvine ruremekedzo pamberi pavo. Uhwu hutongi huripowo munzira yekutaurirana kweThais kune mumwe nemumwe, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakarongeka senge kubasa kana mudzidzo. Semuyenzaniso, vanhu vekuThai vane chinzvimbo chakaderera munharaunda vanozoratidza ruremekedzo kune avo vane chinzvimbo chepamusoro munharaunda nekuvadaidza se "khun" uye nekutaurirana zvine ruremekedzo uye zvine ruremekedzo. Mune mamwe marongero asina kurongeka, zvisinei, hutungamiriri kazhinji kazhinji husina kujeka uye vanhu vanogona kutaurirana nenzira yakaenzana.

(Chikwereti cheMupepeti: SPhotograph/Shutterstock.com)

Mhuri yehumambo

Tsika yeThai inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemhuri yehumambo. Mambo naMambokadzi veThailand vanoonekwa sevatsvene uye vanobatwa neruremekedzo rukuru. Izvi zvinoratidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, matauriro anoita Thais nezvemhuri yehumambo - vanogara vachishandisa mazita ekuremekedza uye mazwi ekuremekedza pavanotaura nezvavo. Mhuri yehumambo muThailand yakakosha kuvanhu veThai nekuti ine basa rekufananidzira mutsika nemagariro eThai. Mambo weThailand anoonekwa sechiratidzo chakakosha chenyika uye sosi yekubatana kwenyika. Mhuri yehumambo zvakare ine nhoroondo refu uye yakanyatsopindirana neThai tsika netsika. Pamusoro pezvo, mhuri yehumambo inoitawo basa rakakosha kuchengetedza tsika yeThai uye kusimudzira kudada kwenyika. Mhuri yehumambo inotsigira mapurojekiti akasiyana-siyana etsika uye nhoroondo uye zvirongwa, uye inobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakakosha dzezvakaitika kare uye zviyeuchidzo. Pakupedzisira, mhuri yehumambo zvakare ine basa rekufananidzira mune yezvematongerwo enyika yeThailand. Kunyange hazvo mambo asina simba rakananga rezvematongerwo enyika, anoonekwa semutongi gava panguva yedambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika uye anogona kukanganisa sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika munyika.

Tsika nezviratidzo

Kune akawanda akakosha tsika, zviratidzo uye mhemberero muThailand izvo zviri chikamu cheThai tsika uye nzanga. Heino mimwe mienzaniso:

• Wai khru: Iyi imhemberero apo vadzidzi vanoremekedza vadzidzisi vavo uye nemadzitateguru akafa emhuri yavo. Mukati memhemberero, vadzidzi vanopfugamira vadzidzisi vavo uye kuita matambiro echinyakare.
• Songkran: Iri ndiro Gore Idzva reThai, rinopembererwa musi wa13 Kubvumbi. Munguva yeSongkran, kurwiwa kwemvura kunoitwa uye vanhu vanosaswa nemvura kuti varopafadze gore idzva.
• Loy Krathong: Uyu mutambo unopembererwa mumwedzi wakazara wemwedzi wegumi nembiri wekarenda yeThai. Mukati memutambo uyu, vanhu vanogadzira zvikepe zviduku nemashizha kana kuti mushenjere, izvo zvavanoyangarara mumvura sechiratidzo chokuremekedza vamwari venzizi. Loy Krathong zvakare inguva yekukumbira ruregerero uye kunamatira hupenyu hwakanaka.
• Wan Ok Phansa: Uku ndiko kupera kwenguva yekutsanya kwechiBuddha, inotora mwedzi mitatu. Munguva yeWan Ok Phansa, mhemberero dzakakosha dzinoitwa mumatemberi uye mapato anorongwa kupemberera kupera kwenguva yekutsanya.

Iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma yetsika dzakakosha muThailand. Kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoenderana nedunhu uye mamiriro chaiwo mavari kupembererwa. Uye zvakare, kune akawanda akakosha zviratidzo muThailand ari chikamu cheThai tsika uye nzanga. Heino mimwe mienzaniso:

• The Garuda: Garuda chisikwa chengano chinoratidzwa seshiri huru ine muviri wemunhu. Icho chiratidzo chenyika cheThailand uye chinowanzo ratidzwa pamari, zvitambi uye mamwe magwaro epamutemo.
• The Singha: Singha chisikwa chengano chinoratidzwa seshumba ine muviri wemunhu. Chiratidzo chakakosha chesimba nekudzivirira uye chinowanzo ratidzwa pamatemberi, amulets uye zvimwe zvinhu zvechitendero.
• The Buddha: Buddha chiratidzo chakakosha mutsika yeThai uye inoremekedzwa nevanhu vazhinji veThai. Kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririra Buddha, asi zvose zvinofananidzira kujekeswa uye kunzwisisa izvo Buddha akawana munguva yehupenyu hwake.
• Nzou chena: Nzou chena inoonekwa semhuka inoera muThailand uye inowanzobatanidzwa naBuddha namambo.

Iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma yezviratidzo zvakakosha muThailand.

Mimhanzi yechinyakare nekutamba

Mimhanzi nekutamba ishowcasi inozivikanwa kwazvo yetsika dzeThai uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa netsika netsika dzenyika. Kune akawanda akasiyana marudzi emimhanzi uye kutamba muThailand, zvichienderana nedunhu uye chaiyo yetsika uye nhoroondo mamiriro mavanoitwa. Imwe yemhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzemimhanzi yeThai iKhon, chimiro chechinyakare che opera chinoitwa nevatambi vakapendwa uye vakashongedzwa vanotaura nyaya kuburikidza nemimhanzi, kutamba uye pantomime. Kazhinji zvichibva panyaya dzeIndian epic nhetembo, khonni inowanzoitwa panguva dzemhemberero dzakakosha nemhemberero. Imwe nzira inozivikanwa yemimhanzi yeThai ndiyo lam, chimiro chemimhanzi uye kutamba kunoitwa panguva yezororo reLoi Krathong. Iyo lam inoitwa nemapoka evatambi vakapfeka zvipfeko zvechinyakare uye vachishandisa zviridzwa zvakaita sexylophone, ngoma nemagong. Kunewo mamwe marudzi akawanda emumhanzi weThai uye kutamba, seMor lam, rudzi rwemumhanzi wefolkloric unoridzwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweThailand, uye likay, rudzi rwemumhanzi wetiyeta wakakurumbira unoridzwa pachishandiswa rwiyo, kutamba, uye mutambo.

Imwe yemhando dzakakurumbira dzemimhanzi yechinyakare yeThai khrueang sai, rudzi rwemimhanzi inoridzwa pachishandiswa zviridzwa zvakaita sexylophones, ngoma, gong nenyere. Iyo khrueang sai inowanzoitwa panguva yemhemberero dzechitendero uye mhemberero.

MuThailand, mimhanzi uye kutamba haisi nzira dzakakosha dzevaraidzo chete, asi dzinoitawo basa rakakosha kuchengetedza tsika yeThai uye kusimudzira kudada kwenyika.

Literature

Zvinyorwa zveThai zvine nhoroondo yakapfuma uye yakasiyana-siyana inodzokera kumashure munhoroondo. Imwe yemhando dzekare dzezvinyorwa zveThai iRamakien, epic yakavakirwa paIndia epic nhetembo dzeRamayana. Iyo Ramakien chikamu chakakosha chetsika yeThai uye ichiri kuverengwa nekuudzwa nhasi. Mamwe marudzi emabhuku echiThai anozivikanwa muThailand anosanganisira luk krung, mabhuku emazuva ano akanyorwa muchiThai, uye luk thung, nziyo dzine mukurumbira dzinoimbwa muchiThai. Nhetembo dzeThai zvakare chikamu chakakosha chezvinyorwa zveThai uye inogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana siyana, kubva kunhetembo dzechinyakare dzakanyorwa muchiSanskrit kusvika kune dzazvino nhetembo dzakanyorwa muchiThai.

Chinhu chakakosha muzvinyorwa zvechiThai zvemazuva ano kwaive kubuda kweluk krung, zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zvakanyorwa muchiThai. Manovhero aya anobata nyaya dzakati wandei kubva parudo nerudo kuenda kunyaya dzemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Vamwe vanyori vanozivikanwa vechiThai ve luk krung ndiKukrit Pramoj, Siburapha naPhra Peter Pannapadipo. Nhetembo dzeThai dzakaitawo basa rakakosha muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano, kunyanya muma1970 nema1980, pakabuda vadetembi vechidiki vazhinji vakaburitsa mabasa avo mumagazini nemagazini. Vamwe vadetembi veThai vanozivikanwa kubva panguva ino ndiAngkarn Kalayanapong, Kukrit Pramoj naPisan Chamlong.

Pakupedzisira, kunewo nyaya dzakawanda dzeThai, ngano uye ngano dzakarekodhwa kwemazana emakore uye chikamu chakakosha chezvinyorwa zveThai. Nyaya idzi dzinowanzotaurwa panguva yemapati.

(Chikwereti cheMupepeti: Vudhikrai / Shutterstock.com)

Mafirimu uye sipo opera

Mafirimu chikamu chinozivikanwa chetsika dzeThai uye ane nhoroondo refu munyika. Mafirimu eThai anozivikanwa nemaitiro awo akasiyana uye madingindira, uye anogara achitumirwa kune dzimwe nyika muAsia nekumwe. Imwe yemhando dzakakurumbira dzemafirimu eThai ifirimu "luk thung", rinosanganisa mimhanzi nedhirama uye rinowanzoenderana nehupenyu hwemakirasi epasi eThailand. Mamwe mabhaisikopo emhando dzakakurumbira muThailand ndiwo bhaisikopo re“chiito”, bhaisikopo “rinotyisa” uye bhaisikopo re“romance”. Mafirimu eThai anozivikanwa zvakare nekushandisa kwavo mimhanzi, kutamba uye zvinoyevedza zvinoonekwa. Vanowanzozadzwa nenguva dzemanzwiro uye dzinoshamisa, uye kazhinji vane meseji kana chidzidzo chavanoda kuendesa kune vateereri.

Mumakore achangopfuura kwave nekuwedzera kukurumbira kwemafirimu eThai ari kuburitswa pasi rose uye kusvika kune vateereri vakawanda. Izvi zvakakonzera kufarira kuri kukura muindasitiri yemafirimu eThai uye izvo zvakasarudzika zveThai tsika zvinoratidzwa mumafirimu aya.

Sipo opera paterevhizheni inoteverwa nevanhu vazhinji veThai. Anowanzo kunzi "Lakorns," aya sipo opera anowanzo akavakirwa panyaya dzerudo uye anotevera hupenyu hwevatambi vari kunetsekana nerudo, nyaya dzemhuri, uye mamwe matambudziko emanzwiro. Lakorns anowanzo kufarirwa muThailand uye anowanzo kutepfenyurwa pane primetime TV. Iwo zvakare anowanzo kudzokororwa pane dzimwe nguva dzezuva uye anogona kutariswa kuburikidza nekutepfenyura masevhisi zvakare.

Muay Thai

Muay Thai, inozivikanwawo seThai boxing, inyanzvi yekarati ine mukurumbira muThailand nepasirese. Mutambo uyu wakatangira kuThailand uye wakavakirwa pamaitiro echinyakare ekurwa aishandiswa nemauto enyika. Ngano inoti Muay Thai yakatanga muzana remakore rechi16 apo mumwe muchinda wechidiki ainzi Naresuan Mukuru akagadzira nzira dzokurwa dzemutambo uyu kuti dzidzivirire pakurwisana nevaBurma. Muchinda akaonekwa segamba uye maitiro ake ekurwa akazozivikanwa seMuay Thai. Kwemazana emakore, Muay Thai yave mutambo wakakosha muThailand uye wakabatanidzwa muThai tsika netsika.

Muay Thai inoitwa nevarwi vaviri vakatarisana mumhete. Varwi vanogona kushandisa zvibhakera, kick nemabvi kurwisa muvengi wavo. Mutambo uyu unoonekwa wakanyanya uye unoda huwandu hwepamusoro hwekugwinya uye kusimba. Muay Thai haina kufarirwa chete semutambo, asi zvakare inoitwa zvakanyanya senzira yekudzidzira kurwa uye kusimba. Mutambo uyu unowanzo itwa munzvimbo dzakakosha dzemitambo kana magyms anoshanda muMuay Thai. MuThailand, Muay Thai haungori mutambo unokosha chete, asiwo chikamu chakakosha chetsika. Mutambo uyu unowanzoitwa panguva dzemhemberero dzakakosha uye mhemberero uye unoonekwa senzira yekuratidza kudada kwenyika. Muay Thai varwi vanowanzoonekwa semagamba uye vanoremekedzwa uye vanoremekedzwa.

Unyanzvi hwemassage

Thai massage, kana kuti yakatangira, ndeyekare, yave iripo kwemakore anopfuura 2000. Mazuva ano Thai massage yakakurumbira pasi rese nekuda kwemakumi ezviuru ezvehutano zvaanopa. Thai massage yakavakirwa pahuchenjeri hweThai mushonga, iyo inotaura kuti muviri wemunhu une simba nzira dzinobatanidza muviri wese. Thai massage yakavakirwa pamushonga wechinyakare uye yoga. Iyo masaja inoitwa ne masseur kana masseuse, anoshandisa maoko ake, magokora, mabvi netsoka kukwiza mhasuru netsinga uye kutambanudza muviri wako. Iyo massage inoitirwa kuderedza kushushikana uye pamwe kurwadziwa, nechinangwa chekupedzisira chekuzorodza muviri nepfungwa.

Thai cuisine

Thai cuisine inofarirwa nevanhu vazhinji munyika uye kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekunaka kwayo uye kunhuhwirira kwayo. Zvokudya zveThai zvinowanzo zvinonhuwira, zvakavava, zvinotapira uye zvine munyu panguva imwe chete uye shandisa maruva akasiyana uye zvinonhuwira kugadzira izvi zvinonaka. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveThai cuisine kushandiswa kwemiriwo mitsva nemiriwo, senge basil, coriander, lime mashizha uye chillies, ayo anowanzo kunhongwa kubva kubindu kana kumusika. Chikafu cheThai zvakare chinoshandisa nhevedzano yenyama, hove nehove dzemugungwa, uye chikafu chinowanzoenderana nemupunga kana noodles.

Thailand inozivikanwa zvakare nekusiyana kwechikafu chemumugwagwa uye masvutugadziro anogona kuwanikwa munyika yese. Izvi zvinosanganisira ndiro dzakakurumbira dzakadai semupunga wakakangwa, huku yakakangwa, maspring rolls, uye soup yenoodle. Thai cuisine zvakare inoita basa rakakosha mutsika yeThai kana zvasvika pakusangana kwevanhu uye kuungana kwemhuri. Kugovana chikafu chinhu chakakosha chemararamiro eThai uye chikafu chinowanzo kubikwa nekudyiwa pamwechete.

Chikafu cheThai zvakare chine e.gen mukurumbira wepasi rose uye inozivikanwa munyika dzakawanda pasirese. Izvi zvakakonzera kufarira kuri kukura muThai cuisine uye nzira iyo inoratidza tsika yeThai.

Muchidimbu, tsika yeThailand yakapfuma, inoshanda zvakasiyana uye inonakidza. Inyika umo ruremekedzo, ushamwari uye kugamuchira vaeni zvinokosha zvikuru, uye umo vanhu vezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana nemamiriro ezvinhu vanogara pamwe chete murugare.

Muay Thai