Thai democracy: kubva munhoroondo tsika yemusha kuenda kune yakasanganiswa Thai-Western modhi

Kuvhota muBangkok (2p2play / Shutterstock.com)

Asia inonzi nevakawanda ine yakasarudzika tsika tsika iyo hutungamiriri hwehutongi chikamu chechisikigo. Nekudaro, democracy hachisi chinhu chakaunzwa kuThailand neWest. Aiwa, mhedzisiro yekupindirana kwakaoma kwetsika dzemuno munharaunda yeThai village pamwe nekune dzimwe nyika pesvedzero. Ngatitarisei zvakanyanya kuti sei democracy isiri yekuMadokero. 

Tsika dzeAsia?

Tsika yakasarudzika yeThailand neAsia yese yaizove yakasiyana zvakanyanya neiyo yekumadokero. Asia ine chiremera nemasikirwo uye ndosaka pfungwa dzekuMadokero nezve democracy yaisambogona kudzika midzi ipapo. Zvino, chokwadi ndechokuti kutaura kwakadaro kwe“tsika yakasiyana” kwave kuchitendererawo mukati meMadokero. Tora Humambo hweGerman hwekupedzisira 19, semuenzaniso^de, kutanga kwema20s^Ste zana remakore. Ikoko, zvakare, nharo yaive yekuti democracy yaive yekuMadokero uye chimwe chinhu chisiri chetsika dzechiGerman. Musiyano wakajeka wakadhirowewa pahwaro hwefungidziro dzakaipa. Vanoisa "isu" kurwisa "ivo". Sokunge tsika yaive fait accompli, chimwe chinhu chaisagona kuchinjika munzira ipi neipi. Asi zvirevo izvi hazvisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuyedza kukakavara hutongi netsika dzedemocracy. Hazvina musoro here kuti rudzi rwuri rwose, munhu ari wose, anoda kuva nokutaura munharaunda yaanogara? Kuti kana iwe ukapa vanhu nzvimbo yekubvunza, imwe nzira yekutora chikamu inogona kusimuka, chimwe chinhu chinogona kunzi "democratic".

Utungamiri hwechivanhu

Ngatitarisei kuti Thailand yakaronga sei kubvunzana uye kutungamira munguva dzakapfuura. Paive nemisiyano mikuru yehutungamiriri munharaunda yechinyakare yeThai. Muguta guru, maive namambo ane simba rose, anozivikanwawo se "mutongi wenyika" (พระเจ้าแผ่นดิน prá-tjâo phèn din) uye "ishe wehupenyu" ít). Simba rake raifungidzirwa kuti rakanga rizere uye rine masimba masimba, asi mukuita rakaganhurirwa nesimba reSangha (kanzuru yemamongi), machinda nevakuru. Somuenzaniso, muna 19^de zana remakore mhuri yakakurumbira yeBunnag yakabata hushumiri hune simba zvikuru. Mukuita, saka, pakanga paine chimiro chesimba chakaoma umo mutungamiri webaba (mutsigiri) aifanira kutora nhoroondo yevezera rake (vatengi). Nekuda kwekudyidzana uku, mamutuals aive aine pesvedzero pahutungamiriri. Humambo hwacho hwaiva kurwisana kwemasimba nguva dzose, uye ikoko padzimwe nguva kwaigona kuva neropa: chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavo chaiurawa ndokutsiviwa, somuenzaniso, hama.

Simba remuzinda uye guta guru rakatambanudzirwa kunzvimbo dzakapoteredza, uko dare raigona kusvika nyore nyore uye kushandisa pesvedzero yaro. Kumhiri kwaizvozvo kwaiva nemapurovhinzi aiva nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbo iyoyo vaitungamirira. Ava vakagadzwa zviri pamutemo namambo, asi mukuita aingofanira kucherechedza mhuri dzine simba munharaunda yacho sevatungamiriri. Kure kure nepurovhinzi, kwaisununguka uye kwakasununguka vatongi venzvimbo. Mumatunhu mazhinji simba ramambo rakanga risingakoshi. Panyaya yevassal states pakanga paine chikwereti chemitero kuhumambo hwepamusoro, pasi pekutyisidzira kwehondo. Saka madzimambo aitongwa aya akazviona seumambo hwakazvimirira.

Padanho repurovhinzi, vane mukurumbira vakagadza vatungamiriri munzvimbo dziri kunze nenzira yakafanana: zvakanyanya kana zvishoma vachigamuchira vatungamiriri venzvimbo sezvaiitwa namambo nevakuru vematunhu.

Misha iri munzvimbo dziri kunze naizvozvo yakanga isina chinhu chokuita neguta guru riri kure, iro rakanga rine mwero mukuru wokuzvimirira. Sabhuku womusha akasarudzwa zvisina kurongwa pakati pavarume vakurusa, uye naizvozvo vakachenjera zvikurusa uye vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira mumusha. Zera ravo rakavapa chimiro uye huremu mukuyananisa, kubvumirana nekuita zvirongwa zvakasiyana. Kubvunzurudza pamwe chete uye kutora chikamu kwaive kwakakosha uye nekudaro demokrasi kune imwe nhanho. Misangano iyoyo yakanga yakazaruka kumunhu wose kuti vakurukure nyaya dzinobva pakugovewa kwenyika, migove yemvura, uye kugadzirisa temberi, nyaya dzakadai sekutengeserana, mhemberero dzaizouya, kana nyaya dzematare, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakadzi zvakare - dzimwe nguva zvakananga, dzimwe nguva zvisina kunanga - vakamiririra zvavanoda. Kutaura idi, mukati memba kazhinji kazhinji vakadzi ndivo vaitarisira mari uye zvisarudzo zvakasiana-siana zvemhuri. Hapana chinhu, kwete vatungamiriri vane masimba ese, asi masangano ekubvunzana zvisina kurongwa aizivikanwa mumisha.

Kuratidzira Kunopesana neHurumende - Teerera Kuvanhu! - (Goldenhearty/Shutterstock.com)

Shanduko pakupera kwe19^de zana remakore

Mukufamba kwe19^de zana remakore, kuonana uye kutengeserana nekumadokero kwakawedzera. Muna 1855 Siam akapedzisa Chibvumirano cheBowring neEngland, dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakatevera. Nekuda kwekukura kuri kuita kutengeserana nekumadokero, misha yakasanganawo nemisika yemudhorobha nenyika. Zvese izvi zvakaunzawo mazano matsva nemaonero kuSiam. Mambo Chulalongkorn akashanyira nyika dzakavakidzana dzakadzorwa nekoloni dzakaita seDutch East Indies uye akakurudzirwa zvikuru ikoko. Iyo kolonial system yakashanda semuenzaniso wekuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa kweSiamese state. Simba rakava rakawanda uye hutungamiri hwakaiswa pakati. Hutongi hwejekerere hwakakura zvakanyanya: vashandi vehurumende vakagadzwa vakabhadharwa uye serfs kumaminisitiri muBangkok pane kurongeka munharaunda. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vatungamiriri venzvimbo vakarasikirwa nesimba nerumbidzo. Sarudzo dzepamutemo dzakaitwa, asi vatungamiri vemisha vakasarudzwa vaifanira kupindura zvakanyanya kuhurumende, pasina muhoro kana zita repamutemo. Izvi zvakaita kuti vanhu vasade kuzviisa pamberi pesarudzo. Sarudzo yakasara yevatungamiri vakasarudzwa zvisina kurongwa uye kuvimba navo pahutungamiriri mukati memusha. Saka mukaha wakakura pakati pemasangano ehurumende aiita seane hutongi hwezvido zvevanhu (awo ainyanya kukoshesa simba repakati) nehutungamiriri husina kurongwa mumusha (hwaitarisa nyaya dzemazuva ose dzemumusha).

Isu tinodaidzawo nguva iyi kuti yekubatana kana "mukati koloni". Nekuda kwekuvakwa kwenjanji nemitsetse yeteregirafu, nyika yakasvika pakadzika kupfuura nakare kose. Nekuuya kwevashandi vehurumende vemazuva ano, mapurisa nemauto uye kutsiva kwevatungamiriri venzvimbo, Bangkok yakaswedera pedyo zvikuru nekuratidza simba rayo. Vagari veko vaisagara vachifara nekuchinja uku kwakasvika kure uye kupindira kwehurumende yepakati. Around 1900 saka pakanga paine kumukira kwakasiyana, se "Shan kumukira" kuchamhembe uye kumukira kwe "vanhu vakakodzera" (ผู้มีบุญ, phôe mie boen) kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva.

Revolution muna 1932

Muna 1932 hutongi hwehumambo hwakapidigurwa uye paramende yakaumbwa. Thailand yakave zviri pamutemo demokrasi uye humambo hwebumbiro. Paramende yakasarudzwa hafu nehafu. Vatsva, vatungamiri vakadzidza kuMadokero vakazaruka kuti vatore chikamu mune demokrasi, asi vakanga vasati vagutsikana kuti vagari vemo vakanga vakadzidza zvakakwana kuti vatore chikamu nenzira inobudirira muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu. Nguva pfupi gare gare, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akarambidzwa, zvichimisa kubvunzana kwedemocracy uye chimiro chekutora chikamu pakati pevagari nemasangano matsva panguva ino. Kuburikidza nemanetiweki emunharaunda evanozivikanwa vematunhu, nyika yakaedza kuwedzera simba rayo. Apo General Phibun Songkraam (แปลก พิบูลสงคราม) pavakatora chigaro muna 1938, aiyemura zvikuru Adolf Hitler naBenito Mussolini, hunhu ihwohwo hwehutongi hwakatowedzera. Panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, paive nekutaura nezvehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri umo hutungamiriri hwemauto hwakaronga manejimendi epamusoro-pasi.

Kunopera kwehondo, Phibun akasunungurwa pamabasa ake uye zvinhu zvakachinja zvikuru kubva kupro-Japanese kuenda kupro-Western. Pashure pehondo, mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika akabvumirwazve, achiteverwa nokukurudzira kunotyisa uye kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika kwakawanda kupfuura kare. Mapepanhau nemapato, kusanganisira kunyange bato remakomunisiti, vakapinda nesimba. Masangano evashandi akaumbwawo. Iye akarurama-kuruboshwe-bapiro uye demokrasi Pridi Banomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์) akahwina zviri nyore sarudzo muna 1946. Asi nekufa kamwe kamwe kwaMambo Ananda, Pridi aive mumatambudziko. Vashori vake vakamupomera mhosva yekubatanidzwa murufu rwaMambo Ananda uye muna 1947 mhirizhonga yemauto yakatevera. Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika nemasangano evashandi akarambidzwa zvakare. General Field Marshal Phibun akadzoka uye budiriro yedemocracy yeThailand yakave isingaite kwemakore.

Muna 1957 Phibun akangoerekana afunga kutora kosi yedemocracy mushure mezvose, saka akafarira rudzi rweHyde Park-senge nharo dzeruzhinji. Makumi ezviuru zvevagari vemo akaungana kuti ateerere kurukurirano dzinopisa, kazhinji kazhinji dzakanangidzirwa kuboka rakaderera. General Sarit (สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์) akatorawo mukana weizvi, uye akakunda mukurumbira wakawanda nerutsigiro nemashoko akanaka edemokrasi uye kushoropodza kwakasimba kweMutungamiri Phibun. Sarit mumwecheteyo akabva aita coup uye mushure menguva pfupi nehafu-yemwoyo yesemi-democracy, akamisa zvakare hudzvanyiriri. Sarit aive mutungamiri anehudzvanyiriri, kwete mapato ezvematongerwo enyika chete asi paramende yese yakaparara. Akazvisimudzira so“mutungamiriri wababa” ndokusaka tichizivawo nguva ino so“mudzvinyiriri wamadzibaba”: Baba vane hasha, vairanga vana vasingateereri nehasha asi nevavariro dzakanakisisa. Nekutsigirwa kwevaAmerica, mauto eThai akakura nokukurumidza uye Sarit akakwanisa kuisa simba rake rine utsinye munyika yose. Bangkok yakazvisimbisa kure mumisha: kupera kwemukuru wemusha akasarudzwa, ivowo vaive vagadzwa pakati peBangkok.

Pashure porufu rwaSarit, General Thanom (ถนอมกิตติขจร) akabudirira semutungamiri wehurumende. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika nesarudzo zvakabvumidzwa zvakare muna 1968. Asi sarudzo idzi dzakange dzisina kunaka zvachose, saka akakunda musarudzo uye mukati memakore maviri budiriro yedemocracy yakaparadzwa zvakare. Iyi nhambo pfupi yetariro yegutsaruzhinji yakaisa hwaro hwokumukira kunodeura ropa kwa1973. Nguva pfupi yakatevera yorusununguko noutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, kusvikira panguva ino isati yambonzwika, yakasvika kumugumo une ropa muna 1976 nokupondwa kukuru kwevadzidzi paThammasat University. Kutya communism kwaive chikonzero chakakosha chekuuraya democracy uye rusununguko zvakare. Mumakore akatevera, zvematongerwo enyika zvakaramba zviri kure nechinhu chero chipi zvacho kunyange kutsamira zvishoma, uye musiyano pakati pevapfumi nevarombo wakawedzera. Vakuru vematunhu vakakwanisa kuita mukurumbira wavo zvakanyanya kuburikidza nechiokomuhomwe nemhirizhonga.

Mumakumi emakore akazotevera, vagari veThai vakamukira kakawanda vachidaidzira demokrasi. Mamiriro acho ari nyore kufungidzira: vagari vanouya pamwe chete uye vanoda rusununguko uye democracy, mauto nemapurisa vopindira uye hutungamiriri hwehudzvanyiriri hunogona kutevera kuti runyararo… 'vanhu. Kusavimba uku kwakatoratidzwa mu "bumbiro rakakurumbira" ra1997: kupinda muparamende kana seneti, dhipuroma redzidzo yepamusoro yaive precondition. Uye nokudaro akabvisa vanenge vanhu vose kubva kumaruwa pamberi. Inhengo dzekirasi iri nani dzisiri kumirira kutora chikamu chaiko kubva kumugari ari nyore.

Democracy pasi peziso rakarinda remauto (People Image Studio / Shutterstock.com)

The democratic middle class?

Yakagadzira mufananidzo wekuvhotera kwebato rine hutongi hwejekerere uye rinonzwisisika rebato rine chirongwa nechiono, nepo vepasi mumaruwa vachizvipusa votengesa vhoti yavo kune akanyanya kukwikwidza. Asi kutenga mavhoti hakusi kwakakosha sezvazvinoratidzika! Kupa mari chimwe chikamu chekusaonekwa sewezvematongerwo enyika anonyima, asi hazvitore chikamu chakakosha mukukunda musarudzo. Mukuita, iyo underclass zvakare inovhotera izvo zvinovaunzira zvinhu zvinobatika uye shanduko yakanaka. Iwo ari pasi pemanetiweki pakati pemutengi nemutengi zvechokwadi anoita basa mune izvi. Nhengo dzedare reparamende pamwe nevanoremekedzwa vakwanisa kuita zvinhu zvine mutsindo nokudaro vakawana rutsigiro uye chivimbo kubva kumuvhoti. Funga nezvekuvakwa kwezvivakwa: mugwagwa mutsva, bhiriji uye zvichingodaro. Saka vhoti haiendi kune ani nani anopa mari yakawanda panguva yerwendo rwesarudzo, asi kune ani nani anoita seari kuita zvinhu. Pane, zvisinei, musiyano wakajeka pakati pezvido zvemunharaunda neizvo zveBangkok. Ivo vanogara vasingaenderane uye saka vanhu vanovhotera munhu anoita (anozviti) anomiririra zvavanoda.

Izvo, zvakare, zvinotsamwisa vepakati vepakati muBangkok. Zvinofarirwa nevachena vashandi hazvina kufanana nezvido zvevarimi kana vashandi vari nyore. Bangkok vepakati kirasi saka vakajoinha kuratidzira nemapoka ekumanikidza kakawanda kuti vataure izwi ravo regutsaruzhinji, asi chikamu cheboka iri chakatorawo gwara regutsaruzhinji apo vepasi vevanhu vakaitawo inzwi ravo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo pfungwa ye "vagari vasina kudzidza zvakakwana" inochengetwawo, nepo tsika yekumusha yekumaruwa ine tsika refu yekubvunzana zvisina kurongwa kwedemocracy.

Mhedziso

Nzira yakanakisa yekukurudzira tsika nemaitiro edemocracy kupawo nzvimbo kumanzwi kubva pazasi, kuitira kuti kwete chete masangano uye akawanda 'wekumadokero' zvimiro zvedemocracy zvinoiswa kubva kumusoro, asiwo tsika yechinyakare inogona kukura uye dendere kubva pazasi. Nenzira iyi iwe unogadzira hwaro hwakasimba uko kubvunzana uye kubvunzana uye nevagari vese ndizvo zvakajairwa. Izvo zvisingabatsiri kupindira kwemauto, avo, pasi pechikonzero che "kuchengetedza kurongeka" kana "kugumisa uori", nguva isati yakwana vanodzvinyirira chero budiriro yedemocracy uye kukura kubva pasi.

Nzvimbo huru:

• "Kuita Democracy: Hutungamiri, Kirasi, Gender, uye Kuita Zvematongerwo enyika muThailand" naJames Ockey. Silkworm Books, 2005. ISBN 9789749575956.
• 'Chii Chakaitika Ku“Asian Values”?', chinyorwa chakanyorwa naMark Thompson muJournal of Democracy, 2004.
• Kutenga mavhoti hakuna chimwe chinhu kunze kwehupenzi hune ngozi. Pasuk Phongpaichit naChris Baker, Bangkok Post 2013. https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/383418/vote-buying-claims-nothing-but-dangerous-nonsense
• Thanks to Tino Kuis