Kushanda kumucheto kwe 'Railway of Death'

Hintok-Tampi Bridge (Australian War Memorial)

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 15, makuva emauto eKanchanaburi neChungkai achafunga zvakare nezvekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri muAsia. Chainyanya kutariswa ndeichi - zvinenge zvisingadzivisiki ndingati - pamusoro penjodzi yevasungwa veAllied vehondo vakamanikidzwa kuita basa rekumanikidzwa nemaJapan panguva yekuvakwa kwechitima cheThai-Burma chakashata. Ndinoda kumbotora kanguva ndichizeya zvakaitika kuvasungwa vehondo yeAllied pamwe neveRomusha, vashandi vekuAsia vakanga vaiswa muchirongwa ichi chakauraya makumi ezviuru zvevanhu, mushure mekunge Railway of Death yapera muna Gumiguru. 17, 1943.

Mushure mekunge mabasa enjanji apera, vese vePOW nevaRomusha vakaburitswa mumasango avo ndokuendeswa kumakamba ekuBurma neThailand. Nhamba yakakura yePOWs yakatumirwa kuJapan mumwedzi mishoma inotevera kuzoshanda mumafekitari nemumigodhi, nepo vamwe vakadzokera kuSingapore. Zvisinei, vazhinji vevashandi vechibharo vokuAsia uye vasungwa vehondo vanenge 5.000 XNUMX vakaramba vari mumisasa yakatevedza njanji, mavainyanya kushandiswa kutema miti. Kwete chete matanda ehuni aive akavakwa pamabhiriji ese kuita kuti zvikwanisike kuita kugadzirisa munguva yakarekodhwa, asi zvitima zvese zvaimhanya pahuni nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemarasha anokosha. Nechiono chenzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzinobvira, nzvimbo huru dzesango dzakacheneswa uye mabhuroko ekare akachekwa akachengetwa mumatura. Pamusoro pazvo, paivewo nezvikwata zvebasa zvemuromusha nevasungwa vehondo vaipihwa basa rekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa. Uye uhwo hwakanga husiri hwoumbozha hwakanyanyisa nokuti kumhanyira kwakanga kwaitwa basa racho kwakakurumidza kuipa.

Pamigumo miviri yemutsetse, kutenderedza Thanbyuzayat muBurma uye pakati peNong Pladuk neKanchanaburi muThailand, basa rakaitwa nemazvo. Mumwe paakaenda kure, mwero wavakanga vashanda nawo wakadzikira zvikuru. Varari vakanyura muruzhowa, mimwe mikoto yakachekwa muruware yakanga yakamanikana zvokuti yaisakwanisa kutakura zvitima, ukuwo kunyura uye kuondomoka kwemadhaka nguva nenguva, kunyanya mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura, kwakakonzera kukuvara kukuru. Sarudzo yekushanda nehuni ichangobva kuchekwa yakasvibirira yakange yakadzivirirwa kubva pakumhanya kwekuona, asi yakaratidza kukanganisa kusimba kwezvivakwa zvebhiriji, izvo zvakaita kuti mabhiriji mazhinji angokundikana. Uye zvakare, hongu, kwaivewo nekuparadza kudiki kwakaitwa nevasungwa vehondo, izvo zvaizopedzisira zvakonzera kukuvadzwa kukuru uye nekudaro kunetsa.

Zvinonzi vanhu vanodarika zviuru makumi matatu nemaromusha pamwe nevasungwa vehondo vanosvika zviuru zvishanu vakashandiswa kugadzirisa mabhomba nemanjanji aya. Yakapararira pamusoro pemisasa ye30.000 uye kazhinji iyi yaive misasa yakare inoora yakanga yavakwa pakavakwa njanji. Bhiriji rimwe nerimwe rakakuvadzwa kana kuparadzwa dzimwe nguva rainonoka mutsara kwemazuva uye mauto eJapan muBurma aigona kuita pasina izvozvo, kunyanya pavakamanikidzwa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya pakudzivirira. Vashandi ava vakashandiswawo kuvaka marudzi ese ezvivakwa aishandira kudzivirira zvifambiso kubva mukurwiswa kwemhepo. Semuenzaniso, panzvimbo gumi neshanu padyo nenjanji, masidhidhi aitungamira kune mashedhi makuru akagadzirwa nekongiri yakasimbiswa, umo maromoti nezvitima zvaigona kuvanda kana pakaitika kurwisa. Pamayadhi makuru ekuvharira, matanda uye madhiramu epetroleum zvakachengetwawo mumashedhi akadaro kana mabunkers zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Zvivakwa zvakafanana zvakaonekwawo pakumisikidzwa kwechiteshi paKra Peninsula. Sezvineiwo matanho aya akange asina kukwana, zvikwata zveromusha zvakatanga kuchera migero mirefu mumadziro egomo uye mapako akati wandei aive pedyo nenjanji akagadziridzwawo kuita izvi nerubatsiro rwenjanji. Mepu yeinjiniya wekuJapan anoshanda kuUK Imperial Hondo Museum akachengetedzwa anoratidza asingasviki gumi nemana sidings anotungamira kumatanho pakati peHindato neKanchanaburi.

Makumi ezviuru zvevamwe vashandi vekuAsia uye vangangoita 6.000 Allied vasungwa vehondo havana kubatanidzwa zvakananga mukuvakwa kwenjanji kuenda kuBurma, asi vaibatanidzwa mumabasa ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakadai sezvipo kana mabasa anorema akaenzana akarongwa pamucheto we kuvaka njanji. Kunyangwe pamberi pekupera kwaMay 1942, pane peninsula yezita rimwe chete, muzvivako zve Mergi High Chikoro muSouth Burma, musasa wakagadzirirwa vasungwa vehondo 1.500 2.000 vokuBritain neAustralia, vakanga vaunzwa zvakananga kubva kuSingapore. Pakupera kwaChikumi pakavakwa imba yechipiri padivi penzvimbo iyi, paigara vanhu vanosvika XNUMX XNUMX. Romusha nemaPOWs akaiswa pamwe chete kupeninsula kwemavhiki nemwedzi yakatevera mukuvakwa kwenhandare yendege. Pakaitwa basa iri, vasungwa vekuMadokero vakaendeswa kuTavoy pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu, nepo vashandi vekuAsia vakaramba vari panzvimbo kuti vashande mune zvekushandisa kana kugadzirisa.

MuTavoy pachayo, vanosvika zviuru zvishanu romusha vakabatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwenhandare yendege pakati pekupera kwaMay naGumiguru 1942. Gare gare, uye izvi zvamazvirokwazvo kusvikira pakutanga kwa5.000, kwakanga kuchine varomusha vangangosvika zviuru zviviri, zvikurusa vaTamil, mukamba pedyo nechikoro cheMethodist chakanga chatamiswa, chiteshi chakasiiwa chemishoni uye mamaira mashoma kure mumusasa wesango uyo wainyanya kushandiswa kutakura zvinhu uye kutakura zvinhu. kutakura zvinhu muguta. Kunyanya mumwedzi yavakatanga kugara kuTavoy, vaRomusha vakawanda vakafa nechirwere chemanyoka. Vanofungidzirwa 1944 romusha vakabatanidzwawo mukuvakwa kwenhandare yendege paVictoria Point pakati paMay naGunyana 2.000, apo musango pakati peYe neThanbuyzayat muzhizha ra1942, mauto maviri evashandi, anoverengera vanosvika zviuru zvina nemazana mashanu romusha, akaiswa mukati. kuvakwa kwemugwagwa . Hazvizivikanwe kuti chii chakaitika kuboka iri mushure meizvozvo…. Rangoon yaive kumusha kweboka revashandi romusha revarume vangangosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu kubva muna Gumiguru 2.000, iro raishandiswa kubvisa ungwandangwanda mushure mekubhomba kweAllied, kana kutakura nekuburutsa zvinhu pachivanze chikuru chekushambadzira uye pachiteshi chengarava. Vakabatsirwa mubasa rakaoma iri neboka revanofungidzirwa kuti mazana mashanu eBritish Commonwealth POWs vakazoendeswa kumusasa wepasi paKanchanaburi mukupera kwa1942.

Rimwe remapurojekiti makuru ekupedzisira muBurma kwaive kuvaka, kana kuti kuwedzera kwenzira yesango kupinda mumugwagwa mukuru kubva kuWang Po kuenda kuTavoy. Kumhiri kwerwizi pedyo nemusasa wechitima Wang Po 114, musasa weWang Po 12 wakatangwa uye wakashanda semusasa weboka re romus brigade yevashandi vanosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana mana uye 2.100 vasungwa vehondo veBritain neDutch. Izvo zvinoshanda pane ino Tavoy road yakatanga muna Zvita 1944 uye yakapedzwa pakupera kwaApril 1945.

Kukadzi 1945 kurwiswa kwemhepo pachitima pedyo neKanchanaburi

Basa rakanyanya kukura pamipendero yenjanji pasina mubvunzo rakanga riri iro rinonzi Mergi Road. Pazvakava pachena muchirimo cha1945 kuti mauto eJapan muBurma akanga ari muchinetso uye njanji dzokuenda kuThailand dzaibhombwa nguva dzose, Lieutenant General Nakamura, mukuru mukuru wamauto ose ehondo yeJapan muThailand, akasarudza^e Infantry Brigade kuvaka mugwagwa pakati peThai Prachuab Kerikham uye Burmese peninsula yeMergui. Mugwagwa uyu unogona kushandiswa senzira yekutiza nemauto eJapan kana kumberi kweBurma kwakadonha. Kubva muna April 1945, apo mabasa akatanga chaizvoizvo, vashandi vakarairwa ne29^e Mixed Infantry Brigade inotungamirirwa naLieutenant General Saki Watari. Vashandi vebasa vaitungamirirwa naColonel Yuji Terui. Pamusoro pe1.000 Allied vasungwa vehondo - kusanganisira vanopfuura mazana maviri maDutchmen - avo.basa rakareruka' vakasarudzwa mumusasa wechipatara cheNakon Pathom, vangangoita 15.000 romusha vaibatanidzwa mubasa iri rokuchimbidza. Sekureva kwasajeni wekuAustralia FF Foster, murwere wekupora waNakon Pathom akange afambira mberi nekuti varomusha vazhinji vaive vatiza:

'Uyu mugwagwa wakanga wakareba mamaira anenge 40 uye vashandi vakaberekerwamo, pasinei zvapo nokubhadharwa zvakanaka, vakamhanya vari mapoka. Zvirwere zvakadzikisira huwandu hwazvo uye zvakaratidza kuti hazvigoneke kutakura zvinhu zvakadzika musango rakakora. VeJaps vakabva vangotora 1.000 vairwara uye vakakuvara kubva kuchipatara chedu.' 

Asi chiverengero chakati chevashandi vekondirakiti vokuThailand vakanga varipowo pachivanze ichi, sezvakapupurirwa canadaire John L. Sugden, 125th Anti Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, uyo akaona kushamiswa kwake kuti maJapan, achisundwa nokudikanwa kwokumanikidzira kweiri basa, akapetawo sei maoko avo:

“Basa racho rakanga rakaoma zvikuru uye taifanira kutarisana nematombo akawanda kwazvo, saka taifanira kugadzirwa nemagetsi. Musasa wedu wakanga uri kure zvikuru nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Mugwagwa wataitarisira wakananga kumuganhu weBurma neThai. Zuva nezuva murindiri aisiya musasa wedu achienda kumuganhu uye kune rumwe rutivi kwaiva nevanhu vokuThailand vaishanda. Nguva zhinji taivanzwa vachifona nevamwe vekwaDigger (zita remadunhurirwa reAustralia varwi vetsoka) avo vaishanda pedyo navo vaigona kuchinjana shoko navo kana pasina maJaps. Varindiri, nenzira, vaifanira kuenda kubasa, sezvatinoita. Uye kunyange mukuru mukuru weboka redu aitofanira kuzvitenda.'

Mamiriro ezvinhu avaifanira kushanda mazviri akanga asingafungi zvachose. Zvisinei, panguva yekuzvipira kweJapan, Mergui Road yakanga isati yapera. Zvakadaro, zviuru zvevaJapan vakaedza kutiza nenzira iyi, uye vanofungidzirwa kuti 3 kusvika 5.000 vasina kurarama….

Maive zvakare muchirimo cha1945, pamwe pakati paMay, kuti vanosvika mazana mashanu romusha vakaendeswa kunzvimbo yechitima yeThai yeRatchaburi kuti vabvise yadhi yechitima mushure mekurwiswa nemhepo kweAllied, kugadzirisa njanji uye kuparadza nzvimbo yakabhombwa, pamwe chete navasungwa vehondo zana kana kupfuura. Vanoda kusvika zviuru zviviri zvemaromusha vakaiswawo kumisasa yeUbon 500 neUbon 2.000 kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweThailand pedyo neUbon Ratchathani panguva imwe cheteyo. Guta iri, riri padyo nemuganho neLaos, raive kumusha kune imwe yenzvimbo huru dzemauto eJapan muThailand. Kunze kweromusha, makamba aya aigarawo vasungwa vehondo vanosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu, kusanganisira mazana matatu echiDutch, avo vainyanya kushandiswa kukwirisa nekuburutsa zvinhu nepfuti.