Iwo maDutch consular masevhisi muBangkok (1860-1942) - chikamu 2.

Rinenge gore gare gare, mumiriri weDutch akadzokera kuguta guru reSiamese. NeRoyal Decree yaMarch 18, 1888, nhamba 8, Mr. JCT Reelfs vakagadzwa kuva consul weBangkok kubva muna Kubvumbi 15 wegore iroro. Reelfs, uyo akamboshanda muSuriname, akazova muchengeti, zvisinei. Pasina gore gare gare, muna Kubvumbi 29, 1889, akadzingwa neRoyal Decree.

Baron RC Keun van Hoogerwoerd akagadzwa munzvimbo yake. Uyu mumiriri nokudaro akachengeta zita rake rekuva consul general. Kana akanga achifara nebasa rake idzva hazvina chokwadi nokuti pasina nguva refu akanga ava kunyunyuta pamusoro pemigove yakawanda yaakanga apiwa. Basa rakawanda rairatidza kuti rakanga risingaenzaniswi nemari yaaitambira, yaaiona seyakaderera zvikuru. Kunyunyuta kwake kusingapedzi kwakanga kusina maturo. Vaimbova Gurukota rezvekunze kwenyika, Jhr. C. Hartsen, akatamisa mumiriri wevadzidzi Ferdinand Jacob Domela Nieuwenhuis kubva kuSingapore kuenda kuBangkok, kuti abatsire mumiriri mukuru mubasa rake rakabatikana. Musi waChikunguru 3, 1890, Domela Nieuwenhuis akasvika muBangkok pamwe chete nemukadzi wake aive nepamuviri wekuSwitzerland-German Clara von Rordorf. Kwapera mwedzi, pana Nyamavhuvhu 5 kuti zvive chaizvo, mwana wavo wekutanga Jacob akaberekwa pano. Paakasvika, zvakazoitika kuti Keun van Hoogerwoerd akanga achirwara zvikuru uye akanga akamirira kutakurwa kuenda kuNetherlands, zvokuti Domela Nieuwenhuis, uyo akanga asina kunyatsogadzirira izvi, akabva apiwa mhosva yekuita basa re consul. Musi waChikunguru 29, 1892, chinzvimbo chaDomela Nieuwenhuis muBangkok chakapera uye mhuri yakadzokera kuThe Hague, uko mumiriri wechidiki uyu aifanira kutora bvunzo yake yemumiriri achangosvika. Pazuva rimwe chetero, Keun van Hoogerwoerd, uyo akanga apora panguva ino uye zvimwe akanga azorodzwawo, akadzokera kuBangkok kunotangazve mabasa ake ikoko.

Ferdinand Jacob Domela Nieuwenhuis

Idzi dzaive nguva dzinonakidza muguta guru reThai. Mumiriri weDutch akagara kumberi muna Chikunguru 1893 panguva yeinonzi chiitiko chePaknam, apo zvikepe zvepfuti zveFrance, kuitira kuti vasimbise dunhu ravo rechikamu cheSiamese nharaunda kumabvazuva kweMekong, vakatyora ndima yeSiamese, iyo Chao Stepping. kumusoro Phraya uye kuvhara Bangkok. Kubudirira kwakanyanya kwaKeun van Hoogerwoerd pasina kupokana kwaive kuronga kwechipiri uye kwakabudirira kushanya kwenyika kwakabhadharwa naMambo Chulalongkorn kuDutch East Indies muna 1896. Kusvika Kukadzi 1897, Keun van Hoogerwoerd aive mumiriri wemumiriri muSiam. Akabva aburitswa basa nechikumbiro chake uye akatsiviwa naJonkheer Mr. Jacques Eduard de Sturler, muzukuru wemhuri yeSwitzerland uyo akanga anyanya kupa vakuru vakuru mubasa reHurumende. Akambove mutevedzeri wemakomisheni muDhipatimendi reHondo uye consul muJeddah. Sekuru vake vaimbove mukuru uye mugari weBanjoemas paJava. De Sturler aive nebasa rekugadzirira kushanya kwenyika kwakabhadharwa naChulalongkorn kuNetherlands muna 1897. Kushanya uku kwaive chikamu chekushanya kweEurope kwamambo weSiamese, iyo yaisanganisirawo Great Britain, Germany neRussia. Akagamuchirwa neruremekedzo rwese naMambokadzi Wilhelmina ane makore gumi nemanomwe, aive achiri pasi pehurumende. Munguva yekushanya kwenyika iyi, Chulalongkorn akafadzwa zvakanyanya neDutch hydraulic engineering works, senge madhayi, zviteshi zvekupomba uye mabasa ekudiridza aakakwanisa kuona.

Musi waChivabvu 30, 1900, EH van Delden akatambira hutongi hweMumiriri Mukuru kubva kuA. de Panafieu, kuchaja d'affaires weFrance, uyo muna 1899, mushure mekuenda kwaJhr. Struler ndiye aiona nezvenyaya iyi. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Van Delden aitarisira pekugara uye kugashira basa rinokosha reDutch muNyika yeSmiles. Mukushanya kwake kuNetherlands muna 1897, mambo weSiamese akanga adzidza nefariro inopfuura yenguva dzose mabasa anodzora kuchengetwa kwemvura. Dambudziko rakanga risingazivikanwe nevaSiamese, kunyanya muBangkok. Nechikumbiro chedare reSiamese, boka revaDutch hydraulic engineers, raitungamirirwa nainjiniya mukuru JH Homan van der Heide, vakauya kuzobatsira maSiamese kuvaka migero nemakiyi pakati pa1902 na1909. Consul van Delden akaita se enda pakati pakati pemainjiniya nevakuru veSiamese. Uye izvo zvakange zvisiri zvisizvo, nekuti van der Heide aive mumusoro aigara achinetsana nevamwe vevaSiamese vane simba, vakaita seGurukota rezvekurima Chao Phraya Thewet, avo vaisada zvirongwa zvekudiridza zvemuDutchman. Consul General van Delden akagara muBangkok kwenguva pfupi uye akabudirira pakati pe1903 naLJH von Zeppelin Obermüller.

Kunenge muna 1903, hurumende yeSiamese yakabvunza mubvunzo wekuti iyo yakasarudzika inomiririrwa inopindirana nerevo yeNetherlands. Bangkok yakatenda kuti mumiriri weDutch mumiriri pa Upgrade rinhi. Mutevedzeri wehurumende yeSiamese akanyora tsamba achikumbira hurumende yeDutch kuti ifunge nezvekupa zita rehumiriri kune consul general. Minister of Foreign Affairs vakapindura zvakanaka ndokuendesa chikumbiro kuna HM the Queen kuti vape zita recharge d'affaires. Zeppelin Obermüller akanga asina kukodzera zita iri, zvisinei, sezvo akanga ari muduku zvikuru.

Mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha veDutch consuls-general muBangkok aive Ferdinand Jacob Domela Nieuwenhuis, uyo, sezvambotaurwa, akaita semumiriri mukuru weKeun van Hoogerwoerd kubva muna 1890-1892. Pa 1 Gunyana 1903 akagadzwa kuva Consul General aine zita recharge d'affaires uye musi wa3 Gunyana 1907 mumiriri anoshamisa uye Minister plenipotentiary. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti Domela Nieuwenhuis akaomarara uye akatwasanuka akange asina kufarirwa chaizvo nevamwe vake vamiriri uye nehurumende yeSiamese, aive Dean we. Diplomatic Corps muBangkok.

Nekuda kwechibvumirano chepamberi pehondo, Dutch Consul General muBangkok akamiririra zvido zvevanhu veGerman neAustro-Hungarian munyika kana vakazonetsana nehurumende yeSiamese. Kubva panguva iyo Siam yakazivisa hondo kuCentral Powers munaChikunguru 22, 1917, vese vabvakure kubva munharaunda dzambotaurwa, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, vakaunganidzwa ndokuvharirwa. Domela Nieuwenhuis akaita nhamburiko huru kuti avabatsire, uye zvisinei nekusarerekera kwepamutemo kwerudzi rwaaimiririra, haana chaaigona kuita kunze kwekutsoropodza maBritish panguva yakakodzera uye kazhinji nenzwi guru, avo vaaivenga zvikuru kubvira paakashanda muSouth Africa. … Uyezve, haana kuvanza nezvemaitiro ake echiGerman. Netherlands ingangove yakaramba isiri muhondo ndokuronda kusatora rutivi chaiko, asi Mumiriri Mukuru weDutch muBangkok sezviri pachena akanga asina basa nazvo. Naizvozvo zvakanga zvisingashamisi chaizvoizvo kuti mumiririri weGermany Remy akanga ari pamusoro pomumiriri bedzi wokurumbidza ikoku 'mudhara anotyisa'.

Munyori wenhoroondo Stefan Hell, akapedza kudzidza kuLeiden, isimba rakakwana panhoroondo yeSiam muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, akatsanangura Siam mubasa rake rakajairwa, rakaburitswa muna 2017. uye Hondo Yenyika I - An International History Kuita kwaDomela sezvinotevera: 'Iri dinosaur yekolonial diplomacy yaiva mudziviriri ane simba wezvido zveGermany uye mutambudzi wemuchinda Devawongse'. Prince Devawongse aive gurukota rezvekunze reSiamese uye sekuru-sekuru vaMambo Vajiravudh. Domela Nieuwenhuis haana kukwanisa kuramba kubhomba muchinda netsamba uye zvikumbiro kwemwedzi ichipera. Gurukota rinoona nezvekunze kweSiamese, iro rinozivikanwa nekuchenjerera, rakange rasvotwa nemaitiro aDomela zvekuti rakabva rasvipira munyoro mutsamba yakanyorerwa nhumwa yekuBritain, Sir Herbert. Domela Nieuwenhuis zviito zvakarambwa sehupenzi apo Dutch Consul General wezita re '.chembere benzi' yakapiwa. Nechokunopera kwa1917, kunyange mambo weSiamese akatanga kutsamwiswa nokupindira kusingagumi kwaDomela nomudzimai wake, avo sezviri pachena havana kusiya chinhu chipi nechipi chinoitika mukutarisira fariro dzeGermany. Muna Zvita 1918, zvakaitwa naDomela zvakatozivikanwa pasi rose apo sangano renhau reReuters rakaparadzira mashoko ekuti hurumende yeSiamese yakanga yamhan'ara kuna Consul General kuHague… Bazi reSiamese rinoona nezvekunze rakaramba izvi, asi zvaive pachena kuti Domela. Nieuwenhuis ndiye aive ayambuka miganhu yekushivirira kweSiamese…

Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis akanga asina hanya nehurumende yeDutch uye nekuona kwangu kuti hapana zvirango zvakatorwa kwaari. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yake muBangkok yakanga yava isingachinjiki uye muna February 1919 akachinjirwa chinyararire kuMumiriri Mukuru muSingapore. Mushure mekuenda kwaDomela, HJ Wesselink, mumiriri weDhipatimendi Rezvekurima, Indasitiri uye Kutengeserana muBatavia, akamboshanda semuongorori wezvemitemo. Wesselink pakutanga aive muBangkok kutenga mupunga akamiririra East Indies Government General uye chikamu cheDutch cheBritish korona koloni paMalacca Strait, iyo 'Straits Settlements'. Pazvakazoitika kuti goho remupunga gore iroro rakanga rakundikana zvikuru, hurumende yeSiamese yakarambidza kutengeswa kwawo, izvo zvakagumisa kamwe kamwe mugove waWesselink. Paakazivisa The Hague neteregiramu kuti aida kudzokera kuJava, hapana mhinduro yakagamuchirwa. Mushure mekuda kwekusimbirira ndipo pakabva pauya teregiramu kubva kuMinistry kuti “mumwe munhu aiita basa rokudiridza ari mukatikutora consulship kwenguva pfupi. Wesselink, uyo akawana chiitiko ichi chese chiseko chevamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, saka akataurirana nemumiriri mukuru weDanish pachake, uyo akazobvumirana pamamiriro maviri ezvinhu: aifanira kuwana rubatsiro kubva kune mumwe wevashoma vanhu vechiDutch vaigara muBangkok panguva iyoyo. nguva uye aizongogara pachigaro kwemavhiki mashomanana nokuti akaenda zvakare kunyika yake. Izvi zvakaitika zvinobudirira uye zvino yakanga iri Norwegian Consul General uyo, pakuzvidira uye akamirira kutsiva kubva kuHolland, akamiririra zvido zveDutch. Haana kutora chinzvimbo ichi kwenguva yakareba, sezvo akatsiviwa mwedzi mishoma gare gare naHG von Oven, ipapo mutevedzeri wemumiriri muSingapore, uyo zvakare, mushure memwedzi mishoma gare gare, munaKurume 1920 kuti anyatso, akagadzwa Consul General. muCape Town.

Zvekare, paitaridza kuve nekufarira kushoma pakati pevashandi vezvematongerwo enyika varipo muThe Hague kuti vatore nzvimbo iyi. Mumiriri akatevera kunyangarika kuBangkok ndiHWJ Huber, aimbove mumiriri weDutch muSydney, Australia. NeRoyal Decree yaMay 3, 1920, akagadzwa kuva mumiriri kuBangkok. Huber akasvika muBangkok munaChikunguru 28 uko iye nemhuri yakeRoyal' chisvusvuro chakapihwa nevarume vana uye mukadzi mumwe akaumba huwandu hwese hweDutch colony muguta guru reSiamese panguva iyoyo. Pana August 4, isingasviki mwedzi asvika, akapa magwaro ake kuna Mambo Vajiravudh.

Kuchinja kwakakurumidza kunoshamisa kwevamiriri vevamiriri muBangkok uye kushaikwa kwechido chokushandira munzvimbo iyi yechienzi zvakatotanga kuonekwa mumapepanhau eDutch. Mune chinyorwa chakareba chakabudiswa munaSeptember 29, 1920, mune inoremekedzwa General Trade Journal yakabuda zvakadzama panyaya iyi. Sekureva kwemutori wenhau ari mubvunzo, The Hague yanga isingafarire Siam, kunyangwe nyika ichipa mikana yakawanda, kunyanya yehupfumi. Uyezve, maererano naye, mumiriri-mukuru aishanda zvakanaka akanga asiri ehumbozha, nekuti maererano neruzivo rwake, vatengesi vechiChinese 125 uye vanopfuura zviuru zviviri zvevaJavanese neMalay vakawira pasi pekutonga kweDutch muBangkok… Mune mamwe mapepanhau nemagazini, yekare. chaizvo, kureva imba inochemedza yevamiriri uye consul general. Semuyenzaniso, hapana kana mumwe wevanoteedzana consuls-general - kusiyana neruzhinji rwevaaishanda navo vekuEurope - aive nekwake pekugara. Katsi yairidza bhero mumagazini yaNyamavhuvhu 2.000 yeNeerlandia, magazini yepamwedzi yeAlgemeen Nederlands Verbond (ANV):

"Izvo zvinosuruvarisa kuti Netherlands haina yayo Legation Building pano. Sezviri kuitika iye zvino, hazvina kumira zvakanaka. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kukuru kwedzimba, Nhume itsva haikwanise kuwana imba chaiyo, uye saka aifanira kugara muhotera, nepo consulate yakagara kwenguva yakareba muchivakwa cheGerman Embassy. Kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ezvinhu aya kunonyanya kuoneka kana munhu achifunga kuti nyika yedu ine kodzero dzekunze pano, kuitira kuti zvidzidzo zvese (zviuru zvishoma zveJavanese, Malay neChinese) zviwire pasi pemitemo yedu, inova inzvimbo yakanaka yekubata dare. , somuenzaniso, inoita kuti ive inokosha. England, France, Germany, uye kunyange Portugal, ese ane zvikonzero zvake ane zvivakwa zvakanaka. Iyo nyika yaive, kana ndisiri kukanganisa, chipo kubva kuSiam. Kana tikatadza kuitungamirira ikoko, hapana zviripo kunze kwekutenga chikamu chevhu tomisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvachose.

Mhosva iyi yakawana kutariswa munhau dzechiDutch uye zvichida nekuda kweizvi kuti mukupera kwe1921 chivakwa chakazowanikwa pakona yeSurawong Road uye Decho Road, umo maive nemasangano evamiriri. Izvi pasina mubvunzo zvanga zviri chimwe chezvakabudirira zvikuru zveHWJ Huber.

Zvisinei, pashure pemakore gumi nemaviri muBangkok, muna March 1932 Huber akangoerekana agamuchira chikumbiro chokukurumidzira kubva kuGurukota Rezvekune dzimwe nyika kuti ape kusunungurwa kunoremekedzwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, sezvo zvichemo pamusoro pake zvakanga zvatogamuchirwa kwenguva yakati. Huber pachake akanga asati ambowana yambiro imwe chete, ingave kubva kuDhipatimendi kana kuti kubva kuhurumende yeSiamese.

AJD Steenstra Toussaint

Vese vatevedzeri vake vaive nemazita ekuti temporary charge d'affaires, kubva mukupera kwaApril 1932 kusvika May 1935 HJ van Schreven akaita saizvozvi uye kubva munaJune 1935 kusvika Zvita 1936 FA van Worden. Mumiriri mutsva anoshamisa uye gurukota rinoona nezve plenipotentiary, Dr. Christiaan Sigismund Lechner, Schiedammer neGerman midzi yakagadzwa neRoyal Decree yaDecember 30, 1936, Nha. 19 vakagadzwa. Akambenge aita masevhisi emumiriri uye ezvekudyidzana muShanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong neKobe, Japan, pakati pevamwe. Akaramba ari pachigaro muBangkok kusvika pamudyandigere, Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga.

Thailand haina kupukunyuka Moto Mukuru Wenyika. Musi waDecember 8, 1941, nyika yacho yakatorwa neJapan. Zviremera zvemauto eJapan muBangkok zvakapotsa zvakatora matarenda okune dzimwe nyika avakanga vachirwa nawo. Kudzivirira mutungamiriri weDutch consulate kuti awire mumaoko avo, acting consul general uye Minister plenipotentiary, Abraham Johan Daniël Steenstra-Toussaint - muzukuru wechipiri wemunyori anozivikanwa Louis Couperus - akamanikidzwa kupa hutongi hwedare reDutch. kumumiriri weSweden. Pashure pezvose, Sweden yakanga yaramba isina kwayakarerekera muHondo Yenyika II. Muchokwadi, denderedzwa raive rakakwana nekuti Paul Pickenpack akange atarisira nyaya dzeSweden makore makumi masere apfuura, apo mumiriri weDutch wakatangwa muna 1860…. Steenstra-Touissaint akapona muhondo uye aizove mumiriri weDutch kuPhilippines kubva muna 1948 kusvika 1951. Pashure pacho akazova mutungamiriri weThomsen's Port Authority muRotterdam uye akabatanidzwa mumhando dzose dzezvirongwa zvekubhururuka nendege zvakadai seRotterdam Air neTransavia. Akange ari wekupedzisira mumutsara wakareba uye pane dzimwe nguva une mavara evamiriri nevamiriri-mukuru vaive vakabata chinzvimbo chepamusoro cheDutch muBangkok. Mushure mezvo - uye nanhasi - yaive nguva yevamiriri….