'Vashanyi veChinese vari kufashamira Thailand', unomboverenga mumapepanhau. Asi izvo hazvisi zvitsva, zvave zvichiitika kwemazana maviri emakore. Zvinozivikanwa kuti maChinese akaita basa rakakura mukusimudzira Thailand munzvimbo dzakawanda. Iyi nharaunda yakabatana zvisingaite nekuvandudza uye kusimudzira kweThailand, asi izvo hazvina kuitika pasina kurwira.
Iro ndiro boka guru reChinese kunze kwenyika yavo yekwavakabva uyewo nharaunda yakabatana zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika dzeSoutheast Asia. Ruzhinji rwazvino rwunozivikanwa seThai. Vashoma vashoma asi vari kukura vanochengetedza tsika dzechiChinese uye vanotaura mutauro.
Hafu yemakurukota ese uye vamiriri veparamende muThailand uye makumi masere muzana emabhizinesi makuru vane chiChinese. Imwe fungidziro yakanaka inoti izvi zvinoshanda kune gumi neina muzana yehuwandu hweThai kazhinji. Madzimambo eThai anoratidzawo mufananidzo uyu, asi kusvika pamwero mukuru. Somuenzaniso, baba vaMambo Taksin (akatonga 1767-1782) vakanga vari mutorwa wekuChina uye muteresi uye akashanda zvakanyanya neChina. Mambo Rama I naRama VI vaive hafu yekuChina uye mushakabvu Mambo Bhumibol (Rama IX) chikamu chimwe chete muzvina.
Kutama kweChinese kuenda kuThailand
Munguva yeAyutthaya (1350 - 1767) pakanga paine hukama hwepedyo hwekutengeserana neChina nenharaunda diki yeChinese. Munguva uye mushure mekutonga kwaMambo Taksin (1767 - 1782), kutengeserana uye mamwe mabasa ehupfumi mune yaimbova Siam yakawedzera nekukurumidza. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika panguva uye pashure pokutonga kwaMambo Mongkut (1851-1868), uyo akagumisa Chibvumirano cheBowring nevaBritish uye gare gare nedzimwe nyika umo vatorwa vakapiwa ropafadzo dzakawanda dzekutengeserana. Nharaunda yeChinese yakabatsirwawo neizvi.
Nekuti vanhu veThai vaive vachiri vakasungirirwa kwairi nai-phrai (ishe-serf) system - iyo yaidzivirira kushandiswa kwavo sevashandi - kufamba kukuru kweChinese kwakatanga, kunyanya kubva kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Dzaive dzakachipa, dzaipfakanyika uye dzakashanda nesimba. Pakati pa1825 na1932, mamiriyoni manomwe echiChina akawana nzira yokuenda kuThailand savatami vebasa, vazhinji vakadzokera kuChina, asi anenge mamiriyoni anoverengeka akagara. Kuma1900, hafu yevagari vemuBangkok vanonzi vaisanganisira maChinese. Pakutanga varume chete vakauya, vachisundwa nehurombo nehondo munyika yavo, kazhinji varombo uye kazhinji vanorwara, asi mushure me1900 vakadzi vazhinji vakauyawo.
Mabasa avo ekutanga
Vatami vechiChinese vakaenda kunoshanda sevashandi mukuvaka, munzvimbo dzengarava uye senzvimbo dzinotonhorera; vakachera migero, gare gare vakashanda panjanji, uye vakatonga sam-los (iyo pedicabs). Vaishanda semhizha mumaforoji, uye vashoma vakava vatengesi, vatengesi kana vateresi. Vamwe vakava vapfumi uye vane simba.
Kutengeserana mupunga, chaive chinhu chikuru kunze kwenyika panguva iyoyo, kwakawedzera nechikamu chegumi neshanu pakati pa1850 na1950. MaChina aifamba nezvikepe zvavo vachidzika nemigero kunotenga mupunga, vakavamba zvigayo zvemupunga (yakakurumbira Khao San Road zvinoreva kuti 'Peeled Rice Street'), uye vakashanda pamwe chete kuti vatarisire mari dzavo.
Chikwereti chekunyora: SAHACHATZ / Shutterstock.com
Kuwedzera hupfumi uye zvisungo kudare rehumambo, 1800-1900
Kubatana kwavo kwekutengeserana kwakabatsira dzimwe nzanga dzechiChina muAsia yose. Avo vairima zvakanaka uye vakawana pfuma vakatanga hukama nedare ramambo, vakagamuchira mazita ekuremekedza, uye nguva nenguva vaipa vanasikana vavo kudzimba dzaMambo Mongkut neChulalongkorn. Pakave nekufarirana pakati pedare rehumambo nenharaunda yakapfuma yeChinese. Mienzaniso miviri.
'Khaw Soo Cheang ndiye muvambi weanokudzwa 'na Ranong' mhuri. Muna 1854, pazera remakore makumi maviri nemashanu, akasvika kuPenang, Malaysia, kwaakashanda kwenguva pfupi semushandi. Akatamira kuRanong, Thailand, kwaakashanda semuteresi mumaindasitiri emarata eRanong, Chumphon neKrabi. Akapinza vamwe vashandi vechiChina kunze kwenyika, akawedzera pfuma nemukurumbira, uye mambo akamugadza kuva gavhuna weruwa rweRanong. Vanakomana vake vatanhatu vose vaizova magavhuna ematunhu ezasi.
Jin Teng kana Akorn Teng, akaberekwa muna 1842, ndiye tateguru wemhuri yeSophanodon. Pamakore gumi nemasere akasvika muBangkok kwaaishanda munzvimbo dzinogadzirwa ngarava uye semubiki. Gare gare akafunga nezvekutengesa uye kukweretesa mari. Akaenda kuChiang Mai kwaakanoroora mukadzi wekuTak aive nehukama nedare ramambo. Akave muteresi wemabhizimisi e opium, teak, chipfambi uye kubhejera, iyo huru yemari yehurumende panguva iyoyo. Muna 1893 akatamira kuBangkok uko akatarisira zvigayo zvishanu zvemupunga, chekacheka, nzvimbo yezvikepe uye hofisi yemitero. Mwanakomana wake akaenda kubhengi.
Asi zvese zvaive zvisiri kufamba zvakanaka: Muna 19e Pakava nehondo dzakati wandei pakati pemasoja eThai nemapoka ebhizinesi ekuChina idzo dzakauraya vanhu vanosvika zviuru zvitatu, sepaRatchaburi muna 3.000 uye kumwewo gare gare muna 1848. Masangano echiChina akavanzika anonzi ang-yi (anonziwo Triads kana kuti guanxi) vaipikisa vakuru vehurumende uye vakauraya vamwe. Paivewo dzimwe nguva kusawirirana uye mhirizhonga pakati pemapoka akasiyana echiChinese: maTeochew, maHakka, maHainanese nemaHokkiens. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuSecret Society Act muna 1878, iyo yakarambidza masangano epachivande aya. Zvisinei, vaizoramba vaine pesvedzero yakati nanhasi.
Chinatown
Kupokana uye kudzvinyirirwa, 1900 - 1950
Makore akatevera 1900 kusvika 1950 anonyanya kuratidzwa nekuramba kuri kubuda kusimba reChinese, achiperekedzwa nekuwedzera kuderera kubatanidzwa.
Mambo Chulalongkorn (Rama V, akatonga 1868-1910) zvishoma nezvishoma akabvisa uranda uye sakdina ishe-serf system, uye pakupera kwekutonga kwake maThais mazhinji akasunungurwa aikwikwidzana nevashandi vaivepo kusvika panguva iyoyo vaive vangangoita maChinese.
Mambo Vajiravudh (Rama VI, akatonga 1910-1926) aiziva nezveizvi. Nguva pfupi asati agadzwa pachigaro, akasangana nekuramwa mabasa kwevashandi vekuChina muBangkok izvo zvakapotsa zvamisa guta zvachose, zvakamisa kutengeserana uye kukanganisa chikafu.
Vajiravudh, iye amene hafu yechiChinese, akanyora mubhuku rake ‘The Jews of the East’ munenge muna 1915, zvinotevera:
“Ndinoziva kuti kune vanhu vakawanda vanotambira vanhu vekuChina vanobva kune dzimwe nyika nekuti vanobatsira kusimudzira veruzhinji nekusimudzira budiriro yenyika ino. Asi vanoita sevanokanganwa rumwe rutivi rweiyi nhau: maChina havasi vagari venguva dzose, uye vanoramba nechisimbwa kuchinjika ndokuramba vari vatorwa. Vamwe vanoda, asi vatungamiriri vavo vepachivande vanovamisa. Ivo vanogadzira budiriro, asi China inobatsira zvakanyanya kubva pane izvi kupfuura Thailand. Ava vagari venguva pfupi vanobvisa zviwanikwa zvepasi senge vampires vanosveta ropa revarombo avo. "
Uyezve, kuiswa kwemambo weChinese (1911) uye republican mabasa eSun Yat-Sen akaonekwa senjodzi. Mabhuku ake akarambidzwa. Pomero dzokuti maChina aiva netsika dzechikomonisiti dzakanga dzakajairika. Mireza yeChinese uye kurumbidzwa kweChinese 'motherland' kwakasimbisa hurudzi hweThai. Bepanhau rakavambwa rinonzi 'Thai Thae', iyo 'Real Thais'.
Vajiravudh akatora matanho akasiyana-siyana kudzivirira pesvedzero uye kubatanidzwa kweChinese. Hukama hwaimbove pedyo uye hunobatsira pakati pedare nevemabhizimisi vekuChina hwakagurwa. MaChinese airatidzwa se'vatorwa', vanoita purofiti uye zvakanyanya. Akataura kuti maChinese ese aifanira kutora mazita echiThai (sur) mazita. (Mazita aya anogona kuwanzozivikanwa seakadaro nehurefu hwawo, kazhinji kacho anopfuura masirabhi mana.) Vaifanira kuramba vachizviisa pasi uye vaisabvumirwa kuita zvematongerwo enyika. Vaifanira kutanga vasiya kuzivikanwa kwavo kweChinese. Uyu mutemo wekumanikidzirwa kutevedzera, kudzvanyirirwa kwetsika uye kuisirwa hutongi hwevanhu hwakagara kusvika munenge muna 4.
Kuramwa mabasa kwakarongwa nemasangano evashandi vekuChina, senge muindasitiri yemarata (1921), tram (1922), vashandi vepachiteshi (1925) uye mumafekitori embatya (1928), zvakakonzerawo kuongororwa kwakashata kwenharaunda yeChinese. .
Yakanga iri panguva ino iyo Prince Chulachakrabongse akati: 'Imhaka yekuvapo kweChinese kuti tinoda dziviriro kwete chete kune njodzi dzekunze asiwo nematambudziko emumba'.
Gare gare hurumende dzeThai dzakarambidza dzidzo yeChina uye dzakarambidza mapepanhau eChina. Zvikoro zveChinese zvizere zvakange zvisisatenderwe uye zvidzidzo mumitauro yeChinese zvakaganhurwa kusvika maawa maviri pasvondo.
Thumkatunyoo nheyo ine denga rebhuruu kumashure, Bangkok,
Kubatanidzwa
Izvi zvakanyanya kuitika kubva kuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri zvichienda mberi. Chinhu chakakosha yaive mukana wakareruka wekuwana nyika yeThai. Pasi pemutemo weThai kusvika kumaXNUMX, chero munhu akaberekerwa muivhu reThai aigona kuwana nyika yeThai nekuedza uye nemari.
Ruzhinji rwakazviita kunyangwe kugunun'una kwavo nezve Thai bureaucracy. Botan anotsanangura kubatanidzwa uku zvishoma nezvishoma nenzira yakanakisa mubhuku rake 'Letters from Thailand' (1969). Mutambi mukuru mubhuku iro, chizvarwa chekutanga chiChinese akatamira, haanyatso nzwisisa maThais nemaitiro avo netsika. Anovawana vane usimbe uye vachipambadza, asi panoperera bhuku racho anodzidza kuzvikoshesa paanosangana nemukuwasha wake weThai anoshingaira. Vana vake, kune kuvhunduka kwake kwekutanga, vanozvibata saThais uye vanotevera mafashoni ezvino.
Muna 1950, kumwezve kutama kwevaChina kwakamiswa zvachose. Matanho akajeka ekurwisa pesvedzero yeChinese haana kuzotorwa. Nekudaro, zvakasara zvekupokana kwekare kune maChinese dzimwe nguva zvaive zvichiri kuoneka. Mumakore ekumaXNUMX, panguva yekurwisa communism, mapepa airatidza (muCommunist) wekuChina achitonga pamusoro pevarimi vanosuwa uye varombo.
Tinogona kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti nhasi iyo yaimbove nharaunda yeChinese yakada kubatanidzwa zvachose nenharaunda yeThai, uye yakapotsa yatora chitupa ichocho.
Uye ipapo mubvunzo: Zvisineyi here kana nekuda kweaya matanho eanopesana neChinese munguva yakapfuura kuti kusanganisa kwakazara kwevanhu vedzinza reChinese kwakawanikwa? Muchokwadi, maSino-Thais, sekudaidzwa kwavanoitwa, vakatanga kunzwa uye kuzvibata zvakanyanya 'Thai' kupfuura yekutanga Thais.
Sources:
- Pasuk Phongpaichit, Chris Baker, Thailand, Economy and Politics, 1995
- Ruzivo kubva kuLabour Museum muBangkok, neruremekedzo rwaRob V.
- Wikipedia Thai Chinese
- Botan, Tsamba kubva kuThailand, 1969
- Jeffrey Sng, Pimpraphai Bisalputra, Nhoroondo yeThai-Chinese, 2015
Vhidhiyo nezve nharaunda yeChinese muThailand, inoratidzira basa ravo. Yakanaka mifananidzo asi zvinosuruvarisa chete muThai.
Chinogara chichindishamisa pandinoongorora nhoroondo yeThai kumukirana kwakawanda, kurohwa, kusagadzikana, kuramba, kukakavara maonero uye nhaurirano, mumabhuku, mapepanhau, mapepa uye mumigwagwa. Pamusoro pebasa, zvematongerwo enyika uye nyaya dzepabonde. Izvi hazviwanzo kutaurwa munhoroondo yepamutemo. Imomo mufananidzo wavanhu vakabatana pasi pamambo anova baba anotarisana neramangwana rine mbiri pamwe chete unotonga.
mudiwa Tina
Izvozvo hazvindishamise. Zvinogona kunge zviri izvo nekuti ini ndinofunga (sezvakangoita Petervz achangobva kunyora) kuti Thailand ichiri nyika ine hutsinye uye ichine nzira refu yekuenda kune chero rudzi rwedemocracy (yandinoreva zvakanyanya kupfuura sarudzo chete). Uye kwete zvakanyanya nekuda kwechinzvimbo chemauto asi nekuda kwemafungiro evamiriri vemagariro, echiuto, etsika uye ezvematongerwo enyika munyika ino kune dzakawanda nyaya.
Asi munyika dzakawanda pasi rose zviri uye hazvina kunyanya kusiyana. Muma70 asina kugadzikana ndaiva nhengo yeboka revadzidzi vaiva kuruboshwe. Uye kurwira kutora chikamu kwevadzidzi padanho reyunivhesiti kwakaperekedzwawo nemabasa, kurwa, kuratidzira uye kusungwa muFrance, Germany neNetherlands. Kunyange zvakadaro, avo vane simba (kusanganisira kunyange PvdA) vakanga vasingadi kunzwa nezvezvaidiwa nevadzidzi.
Mapeji matema haana kumbotaurwa mumabhuku enhoroondo. Thailand zvechokwadi ine akawanda awo. Asi mabhuku echiDutch enhoroondo haatauriwo nezvemukurumbira wedu sevatengesi vevaranda uye basa redu mukurwira rusununguko rweIndonesia uye chinzvimbo chevasungwa vehondo veDutch mumisasa yeJapan ikoko.
Ndine urombo Chris, asi kubva rinhi 'iwe/isu takazviitawo!' nharo inoshanda?!
Uye izvo zvaunonyora hazvina kururama, Netherlands inoteerera kune mapeji madema, semuenzaniso uranda, rusununguko rweIndonesia (uye 'zviito zvemapurisa') zvinokurukurwa. Uye hongu, hongu, pachagara paine kutsoropodza kuti hazvina kukwana, zvakawanda zvinogoneka, nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemisoro munhu haakwanise kupinda mukudzika nechero chinhu, kunze kwegore rebvunzo apo munhu anoita zoom in maviri. misoro.
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/07/01/de-slavernij-in-nederlandse-schoolboeken-1513342-a977834
Mabhuku enhoroondo (kusvika padanho redzidzo) anongopendwa muThailand. Uye kunyange zvinhu zvinonyatsozivikanwa nevanhu zvinonzwisisika. Semuyenzaniso, zvirimo zveSiam Mapped (zvinenge saizi yeSiam/Thailand) hazvifadzwe nemunhu wese, vana vanodzidza kuchikoro nezvehumambo hukuru hune mawedzero ari kure kuCambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Burma neMalaysia kwairi. Tisingatauri kuti ndiani aive uye asina kuonekwa se ('chaiye') Thai (ndine chidimbu chakarongwa pamusoro pazvo).
Vhidhiyo yataurwa pamusoro apa (tarisa! inonakidza chaizvo!) ine musoro wekuti 'The Sweat of the Working Kirasi'.
Vhidhiyo yacho zvechokwadi yakakodzera kutarisa. Kwete zvakananga nezve maChinese, asi pamusoro pekurwira kwevashandi.
Hongu, hongu, asi ndinosuwa zvinyorwa zvidiki, kunyangwe izwi rekuti 'reng-ngaan' (แรงงาน) rinotaurwa ese gumi masekonzi, saka zviri pachena kuti ndezvevashandi. Asi vhidhiyo iri zvakare pachiteshi chevashandi uye pawebhusaiti yeThai Labor Museum.
Wadiwa Tina,
Chidimbu chikuru chenhoroondo yeThailand!, yandisingafungi kuti vazhinji veThais vanotoziva hafu.
kunyangwe ini ndaingoziva nezve 70%. Ndakaberekwa muna 1950 uye ndaiva mudzidzi mugore rimwe chete naTherayut Boonmie naSeksan Visitkul (mukomana ari muvhidhiyo), aifanira kutizira kuNetherlands muna 1978. Ini pachangu ndakaenda kuNetherlands muna 1975.
Vhidhiyo yacho yakanaka kwazvo, inodzidzisa uye yakagadzirwa nguva pfupi yadarika (2559=2016). Mune ramangwana kune tarisiro yekuve neshanduro yekubatsira vefarangs.
Kutenda kwakawanda uye kurumbidza kubva ku75% Thai (555).
Chamrat.
Hangdong Chiangmai
Bvuma mudiwa Chamrat.
Kune avo vanonyatsoda kuziva nhoroondo yeThailand, aya mabhuku anofanirwa:
Nhoroondo yeThailand (yechitatu edition)
naChris Baker naPasuk Phongpaichit
Mukadzi, Murume, Bangkok, Rudo, Bonde, uye Yakakurumbira Tsika muThailand
Scot Barme
Thailand Unhinged: Rufu rweThai-Style Democracy (2nd edition)
Federico Ferrara
Kubudirira Kwezvematongerwo enyika kwemazuva ano Thailand
Federico Ferrara
Mambo Haambo Smiles (akarambidzwa muThailand)
Paul M. Handley
Thailand, Economics uye Policies
Pasuk Phongpaichit naChris Baker
Yakaenzana Thailand, zvikamu zveMari, Pfuma uye Simba
Pasuk Phongpaichit naChris Baker
Huori uye Democracy muThailand
Pasuk Phongpaichit uye Sungsidh Piriyarangsan
Uyezve kune mamwe mabhuku akakodzera kuverenga mushure (Siam Mapped, Chokwadi paMuedzo, Kuwana Inzwi Ravo: Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweVagari neThai State, The Assembly of the Poor muThailand, kubva kumatambudziko emunharaunda kuenda kurudzi rwekuratidzira, Thailand: iyo zvematongerwo enyika. ye despotic paternalism uye zvichingodaro.
Sezvineiwo, Tino akatonyora zvidimbu zvakawanda kuitira kuti vaverengi vasina moyo murefu kana vaverengi vane bhajeti diki havafanire kuongorora mabhuku mazhinji ivo pachavo.
Uye zvino zvandave pano, uye iyo Thai Labor museum yakataurwa kakawanda nemazita, onawo:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/het-thaise-arbeidsmuseum/
Ndatenda, Changamire (Madam?) Chamrat. Huya, tora kunyura, isu hatinzwi zvakakwana kune izwi reThais ivo pachavo. Ndiri kuedza kuzviita asi maonero ako achatendwa zvikuru.
75% Thai? Ipapo iwe uri muThai kupfuura madzimambo mazhinji eThai. Asi iwewo uri maDutch, ndakaverenga mumagwaro eImba yeVamiririri veGumiguru 3, 1984. Mutauro wakanaka semutauro wehumambo weThai:
KuImba yeVamiriri veUnited General
Isu tinokupawo kuti utarise chirevo che Naturalization Act naJozef Adamczyk nevamwe makumi matatu nevana (uriwo mumwe wavo! Tino). Gwaro retsanangudzo (nezvekuwedzera), iro rinoperekedza Bhiri, rine zvikonzero zvarinobva pazviri. Uye naizvozvo tinokurumbidzai kwamuri kukudzivirirwa kutsvene kwaMwari.
The Hague, Gumiguru 3, 1984 Beatrix
Aihwa. 2 MURAIRO WECHINHU
Isu Beatrix, nenyasha dzaMwari, Mambokadzi weNetherlands, Princess weOrange-Nassau, etc. etc.
Kune vese vachaona kana kunzwa izvi zvichiverengwa, salute! kuziva: Sezvo isu takafunga kuti pane chikonzero chekuzvarwa kwaAdamczyk, Jozef nevamwe makumi matatu nemana, izvo chikumbiro Chedu chakaitwa, nekupa, kusvika pamwero wakakodzera, wemagwaro anotsigira anotaurwa muChikamu 34 che. Mutemo weDutch nyika uye kugara (Stb. 3); Saka ndezvekuti Isu, tanzwa Kanzuru yeNyika, uye mukutaurirana neUnited States General, takabvumira uye tinonzwisisa, sezvatinobvumira nekunzwisisa:
chinyorwa