Bita na littafi: Bencharong Sinanci na Siam

Littafin nunin mai kyan gani an buga shi shekaru biyu da suka gabata ta Littattafan Kogi a Bangkok Bencharong - Layin Sinanci don Siam. Littafin annashuwa da aka buga game da wani fitaccen kayan alatu da keɓantaccen samfurin fasaha. Marubucin Ba’amurke Dawn Fairley Rooney, wanda ke zaune a Bangkok, bai shirya yin hakan ba. Ta riga ta buga litattafai tara, hudu daga cikinsu game da yumbu na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Game da asalin wannan ain da kyar aka san wani abu da tabbas. Ya bayyana cewa farkon abin da daga baya za a san shi da Bencharong porcelain ana samun su a China a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na Sarkin Ming na biyar Xuande (1425-1435). Ɗaya daga cikin ƴan abubuwan da aka kafa tarihi shine cewa ya samo asali ne daga lardin Zheijang da ke gabar tekun gabashin kasar Sin kuma ya shahara a zamanin sarki Chenghua (1464-1487). Labari ya nuna cewa an auri wata gimbiya kasar Sin da wani sarkin Siamese kuma ta haka ne aka gabatar da wannan tafsirin atan ga kotun Siamese da ke Ayutthaya. Wataƙila an gabatar da Bencharong a karon farko Ayutthaya An yi amfani da shi a kotun Prasat Thong (1629-1656). Kusan launuka daban-daban na kalaidoscopic da al'adun gargajiya-addini sun sa Bencharong ya shahara sosai kuma bai dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba kafin a sanya manyan oda a kasar Sin.

Tun da farko ya kasance samfurin da aka kera na musamman ga sarakunan Siamese, amma a ƙarshen karni na sha tara kuma ya bayyana a cikin gidajen manyan manyan kotuna, manyan jami'ai da samun karbuwa cikin sauri na 'yan kasuwar Sino-Siamese. A kowane hali, akwai kuma alamun cewa Bencharong porcelain an samar da shi a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha tara - a cikin ƙayyadaddun bugu - don amfani da shi a kotunan sarauta na Laos da Cambodia. Bencharong porcelain yana da aikace-aikace da yawa, daga ingantaccen cin abinci a teburin sarauta zuwa kayan haikali na ado da nagartaccen shayin shan tofi, tofi na masu tauhin betel.

Sunan Bencharong ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit da mahallin kalmomin zafi (biyar) kuma ranga (da launi). Amma adadin launukan da ke wannan ayar ba lallai ba ne ya zama biyar kuma zai iya zama har takwas. Sai kawai mafi tsaftar tangar kasar Sin aka yi amfani da shi azaman tushe, china kashi, wanda aka gasa na tsawon sa'o'i a kan yawan zafin jiki tsakanin 1150 zuwa 1280 °. Motif ɗin kayan ado - sau da yawa geometric ko wahayi daga flora - sannan aka yi amfani da su da hannu cikin launukan ma'adinai kuma an sake kunna su a kowane rukunin launi a yanayin zafi tsakanin 750 zuwa 850 °, tsari wanda zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa sa'o'i 10. Waɗannan ƙananan yanayin zafi sun kasance da mahimmanci don hana enamel da aka yi amfani da su daga ƙonewa ... An in wakana Wani mashahurin bambance-bambancen shine Lai Nam Thong porcelain, a zahiri 'an wanke shi da zinare', inda aka ƙara ƙara launuka masu launi ta aikace-aikacen zinare. Ilimin da ake buƙata don samar da ƙwazo mai ƙarfi na wannan fataccen faren an iyakance shi ga ƴan ƙananan ƴan al'umman sana'a a yankin Canton kuma ana yaɗa shi daga tsara zuwa tsara, yana kiyaye keɓancewar halayensa.

Aiwatar da launuka da enameling yawanci yakan faru ne a cikin kilns na Kudancin China Canton, amma akwai shaidar cewa hakan ma yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci a Bangkok. Ya tabbata a cikin 1880 Yarima Bovornvichaichan ya gina tanda a cikin fadar Bovorn Sathanmongkoi inda aka samar da Lai Nam Thong. Ya ba da odar farar farantin daga China wanda aka yi masa ado da launi a Bangkok tare da kayan gargajiya na Thai. Don wannan dalili, an kawo masu sana'ar Sinawa zuwa babban birnin kasar Thailand. Bayan ƴan shekaru, Phraya Suthonphimol ya gina katafaren katafaren wuta don glazing Bencharong.

Daidaita soyayyar Bencharong ain aiki ne mai wahala. Da kyar wani abu mai dacewa ya kasance daga farkon lokacin, wanda ya yi daidai da karni na karshe da rabi na zamanin Ayutthaya. A iya sanina, ba a taɓa zana katalogin da aka tabbatar a kimiyance ba, wanda tabbas bai sa saduwa da juna cikin sauƙi ba. Mafi yawan abubuwan ban sha'awa yawanci ana iya kasancewa tsakanin kwata na ƙarshe na goma sha takwas da farkon karni na ashirin. Na musamman mai inganci don haka yanzu da ake nema, shine silin da aka samar a zamanin mulkin Rama II (1809-1824).

Tare da faduwar daular daular a kasar Sin, da kuma samun karbuwa cikin sauri a gidajen cin abinci na yammacin duniya, aikin fasahar kere-kere na wannan farantin ya zo karshe jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na farko. Kayayyakin irin na Bencharong da kuke samu a yau a cikin manyan kantunan siyayya sune kwafi na zamani, wanda, ko da yake an yi shi da kyau, ba zai iya kwatantawa da na asali ba.

Ko da yake Bencharong na iya kasancewa a cikin tarihin da ya fi girma na samar da kayan marmari masu ɗorewa na kasar Sin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasuwannin Turai, kamar yadda marubucin ya kwatanta da verve, babu shakka Siamese ko Thai a cikin salo da ƙirar harshe. Hotuna masu yawa, masu kyan gaske da ke cikin littafin, wadanda yawancinsu ba a taba buga su a baya ba, ba wai kawai sun bayyana fasahar kere-kere da kyawun wannan samfurin ba, har ma sun shaida wannan cikakkiyar aure tsakanin fasahohin fasahar kere-kere na kasar Sin da ke yin fala na shekaru aru-aru. da kayan ado na Thai. Ga duk wanda yake son ƙarin sani game da wannan yanki mai ban sha'awa na tarihin faren Sinanci da Siamese, wannan littafi kyakkyawa ne kuma, sama da duka, ingantaccen tushe.

Bencharong: Layin Sinanci na Siam Littattafan Kogi ne suka buga a Bangkok kuma yana da shafuka 219.

ISBN: 978-6167339689