Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, babban malamin falsafar Buddha

Ana ganin Buddhadasa Bikkhu a matsayin masanin falsafar Buddhist mafi tasiri a Thailand da kuma nisa. Fassarar da ya yi na addinin Buddah na zamani ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa a Thailand, kodayake yawancin mabiyansa suna cikin masu matsakaicin matsayi. A ƙasa zan tattauna sabo da sabbin ra'ayoyinsa.

Zurfafa jin kunya

Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (Thai: พุทธทาส ภิกส ภิกขุ phóetáthâat 'Bawan Buddha' da phíkkhòe 'mok') an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1906 a Rumriang, ƙauyen Thaiyarat na biyu da mahaifinsa na kasar Sin. mahaifiya, ’yar Thai, tana gudanar da shago.

Bayan ya halarci makarantar haikali na wasu shekaru, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a wata makarantar jiha a Chaiya. A shekara ta 1922 mahaifinsa ya rasu kuma ya ɗauki shago na ɗan lokaci, kuma don biyan kuɗin karatun ƙanensa wanda ya yi karatu a shahararriyar makarantar Suan Kulap da ke Bangkok.

A cikin 1926 an fara Buddhadasa a matsayin ɗan zuhudu kuma ba zai taɓa barin umarnin sufi ba, Sangha. Daga 1930 zuwa 1932 ya zauna a jami'ar addinin Buddah a Bangkok inda ya hadu da Narit Phasit (ya raba sukar Narit akan kafa addinin Buddah, amma yana tunanin yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi) da Pridi Phanomyong. Yadda ake nazarin addinin Buddah da koyarwa da kuma aiwatar da shi a Bangkok ya ba shi takaici sosai.

Bush monka

A cikin watan Mayun 1932, wata guda gabanin juyin juya halin da ya mayar da cikakkiyar masarautu zuwa masarautun tsarin mulki, ya koma Chaiya inda ya shafe shekaru biyu shi kadai yana karatu da zuzzurfan tunani a cikin daji a matsayinsa na sufayen daji. Daga baya wasu sufaye suka shiga tare da shi.

Buddhadasa ya ba da haikalin, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1943 a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita bakwai kudu maso gabashin Chaiya, sunan Suan Mokkhaphalaram, wanda aka fi sani da Suan Mokh (lafazi: sǒean môok): 'Lambun 'Yanci'. A can zai kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1992.

Duk waɗannan shekarun a cikin haikalin ya shafe yana karatu, rubutu da wa'azi, wanda ƙanensa Dhammadasa ya taimaka ("Bawan Dhamma, Koyarwa"). An yada ra'ayoyinsa a duk faɗin Thailand ta kowane nau'in mujallu, littattafai da kungiyoyi. Akwai wani littafi nasa a kan tebur a kowane kantin sayar da littattafai. Yawancin mutane sun san sunansa da wasu ra'ayoyinsa.

Dubun dubatar mutane ne ke ziyartar haikalin Suan Mokh a kowace shekara, gami da baki da yawa, musamman don kwasa-kwasan magani. Buddhadasa sau ɗaya ya haifar da sanarwa daga masu tafiya na kwana da yawa: 'Ina tsammanin duk waɗancan mutanen suna zuwa nan ne don tsayuwar tsafta…'.

Kiyayya ga ayyukan Buddha da iko

Shekarun karatu na Buddhadasa a Bangkok ya bar shi da kyama ga al'adun Buddha musamman ma iko. Ya tarar da haikalin da datti da cunkoson jama'a, sufaye sun fi damuwa da matsayi, dukiya, daraja da rayuwa mai sauƙi. Laity sun yi al'ada, amma ba su da fahimtar addinin Buddha. Hukumomin sun fi damuwa da ayyukan addinin Buddha, musamman zuhudu, fiye da koyarwarsa. Tunani a kan tushen tushen addinin Buddha da ayyukan tunani an yi watsi da su, har ma a tsakanin 'yan boko.

An dade ana gwabza fada game da daidai launi na al'adar sufa, mai haske orange ko ja-launin ruwan kasa, da kuma tambayar ko al'adar yakamata ta rufe duka biyu ko kuma kawai kafadar hagu. Ɗalibai sun fi damuwa da al'ada, sadaukarwa, samun cancanta da sauransu, kuma ba tare da tushen addinin Buddha ba, halin da sufaye suka karfafa.

Buddhadasa ya lura cewa binciken addinin Buddha ya fi game da sharhin da aka rubuta shekaru da yawa bayan Buddha kuma da wuya game da maganganun Buddha da kansa. Ya so ya koma ga ainihin rubuce-rubucen.

Haɗin kai na addinin Buddah da jihar shi ma ƙaya ce a gefensa. Musamman Sarki Rama na VI wanda ya jaddada haɗin kan addinin Buddha, daular sarauta da jiha, Triniti na Thai. Daya ba zai iya yi ba tare da daya.

Duk shugabannin Thailand tun daga lokacin sun amince da wannan matsayi. Mutumin da ya yi watsi da imaninsa ko kuma aka dauke shi a matsayin dan bidi'a makiyin gwamnati ne, kuma a tunanin shekarun XNUMX da XNUMX, "Communist" ne. Don haka bai kamata ya zama abin mamaki ba cewa an zarge Buddhadasa da kasancewa 'kwaminisanci' ta wasu abubuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar Thai.

A karo na farko da na nemi takardar izinin aure a Chiang Khong, an tambaye ni game da 'sàatsànǎa, addini' na. Na ce 'phóet, Buddha.' Jami’in shige da fice ya daina bugawa, ya koma ya zauna ya ce, “Ba za ku iya ba. Kai ba Thai bane.'

Phasǎa khon da phasǎa tham, harshen ɗan adam da harshe na ruhaniya

Yawancin nassosi da zantuka a cikin dukan addinai an rubuta su da harshe bayyananne (phasǎa khon) amma abin da ke da mahimmanci a ƙarshe shine ma'anar ruhaniya (phasǎa tham). Buddhadasa ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin su. Idan muna so mu fahimci ainihin ma’anar nassosi, dole ne mu fassara yaren ɗan adam zuwa harshen ruhaniya. Tatsuniyoyi, al'ajibai da almara a cikin harshen ɗan adam suna nuna ma'ana mai zurfi.

Wurin da Musa da Yahudawa suka bi ta Jar Teku harshen ɗan adam ne, a cikin yaren ruhaniya yana nufin ƙaunar Yahweh ga mutanensa. Wannan shine yadda Buddhadasa kuma ya bayyana tatsuniyoyi da almara na Buddha. Don haka 'mutuwa da sake haifuwa', ban da al'amuran halitta, kuma na iya nufin asarar ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a, ban da 'yanci daga wahala a nan da yanzu.

Buddhadasa ya yi fatan komawa ga nassosi na asali, musamman ma suttapitaka inda aka rubuta zantuka da ayyukan Buddha. Ya yi watsi da duk ɗaruruwan maganganun da ba su da mahimmanci kuma galibi suna da ruɗani.

Batun haram: Nirvana

Nibbana (a cikin Sanskrit wanda aka fi sani da Nirvana) kusan batun haramun ne a addinin Buddah na zamani. Idan an yi magana da shi gaba ɗaya, manufa ce da ba za a iya samu ba, kawai zai yiwu ga sufaye, dubban sake haifuwa nesa ba kusa ba, nesa da wannan duniyar, irin sama da ba za a iya sake haifuwa ba a cikin wannan duniyar ta wahala.

Buddhadasa ya nuna cewa bisa ga nassosi, Buddha ya sami 'nibbana' kafin mutuwarsa. Asalin ma’anar nibbana ita ce “kushewa,” kamar na garwashin wuta mai walƙiya, ko “tame,” a matsayin dabbar da ba ta da kyau, mai sanyi kuma marar ƙazanta.

Buddhadasa ya yi imanin cewa nibbana yana nufin gushewar tunani da motsin rai masu tada hankali da ƙazanta, kamar kwaɗayi, sha'awa, ƙiyayya, ɗaukar fansa, jahilci da son kai. Yana nufin rashin sanya 'Ni' da 'na' ƙa'idodin jagora a rayuwarmu.

Nibbana na iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin ya ce ana samun rayuwa ne, ta hannun ’yan boko da sufaye, ko da ba tare da sanin litattafai ba, har ma ba tare da gidajen ibada da sufaye ba, haka nan kuma ba tare da al’ada da addu’a ba.

Buddhadasa ya ce zai iya taƙaita koyarwarsa kamar haka: 'Ka kyautata, ka guji mugunta, ka tsarkake zuciyarka'. Wannan shine ainihin reincarnation, ainihin sake haifuwa.

Tsabtataccen tunani

'Chít wâang' ko hankali mai tsabta ba ainihin ra'ayi ba ne amma ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gaskiya kuma na tsakiya a cikin addinin Buddha a duk inda Buddhadasa ya sanya shi. 'Chít wâang' a zahiri yana nufin 'kwanciyar hankali'. Fassarar Buddhadasa ce ta ra'ayin addinin Buddah wanda ke nufin kawarwa, barin barin tasirin damuwa da gurbatar yanayi a cikin hankali.

Da farko ajiye 'Ni' da na' (ตัวกู-ของกู saniya saniya-khǒng saniya, yana nuna cewa Buddhadasa yana amfani da harshe na yau da kullun, har ma da ƙasa, harshe na magana a nan), wanda ya dace da ra'ayi na an-atta ' ba kanku'. Bugu da kari, sakin matsananciyar motsin rai mai halakarwa kamar sha'awa, kwadayi da ramuwa. Chít wâang hankali ne a cikin daidaito da kwanciyar hankali. Yin ƙoƙari don wannan yanayin tunani yana da mahimmanci.

Aiki shine tsakiyar rayuwarmu

Ga Buddhadasa, aiki shine tsakiyar rayuwarmu, abu ne mai mahimmanci kuma mai 'yanci. Ta wurin aiki, yana nufin ba kawai abin da ke ba mu rayuwarmu ba, amma duk ayyukan yau da kullun, cikin iyali da kuma cikin al'umma. Don haka ya zama wajibi a kiyaye al'umma mai adalci. Ba ya ganin bambamta tsakanin aiki da dhamma, koyarwa, ba su rabuwa.

Buddhadasa ya ce:Aiki a cikin gonakin shinkafa yana da alaƙa da dhamma, koyarwar, fiye da bikin addini a cikin haikali, coci ko masallaci.' Bugu da ƙari, ya ji cewa kowane nau'in aiki, idan an yi shi a cikin madaidaicin tunani, yana da darajar daidai.

Karma

Ana kiran Karma กรรม 'comb' a cikin Thai. A cikin Sanskrit kalmar tana nufin 'aiki, aiki' da aiki mai ma'ana. A cikin ra'ayi gama gari na addinin Buddha na Thai, karma da aka tara daga duk rayuwar ku ta baya ta ƙayyade rayuwar ku a nan da yanzu.

Yadda za a sake haifuwarku ya dogara ne akan ƙarin cancantar, mai kyau ko mara kyau, da kuka samu a wannan rayuwar. Ana iya yin hakan mafi kyau ta hanyar al'ada, ziyartar gidajen ibada, ba da kuɗi ga haikali, da sauransu. Ba da baht ashirin zuwa haikali yana inganta karma fiye da ba da baht ɗari biyu ga maƙwabcin talauci.

Mutane masu daraja, mutanen da ke da kuɗi, lafiya da matsayi, dole ne sun sami karma mai kyau a rayuwar da ta gabata. Matsayinsu a cikin al'umma, kamar yadda yake, haƙƙin haihuwa ne don haka ba za a taɓa shi ba. Juyayin kuma ya shafi. Wannan shine ra'ayin gama gari na Thai.

Dan nawa yanzu mai shekara 25 ya nakasa. Saboda ciwon gado thalassemia ta kasance kurma kuma bebe. Sau ɗaya, shekaru goma sha biyu da suka wuce, mun yi tafiya zuwa wani sanannen haikali a arewacin Chiang Rai. Mahaifiyarta ta tambayi wani sufa, "Me yasa 'yata ta kasance naƙasa haka?" Don abin da sufa ya amsa cewa dole ne ya kasance saboda mummunan karma daga rayuwar da ta gabata.' Wannan stepister mai mugun karma na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mutane da wayo da na sani.

Ra'ayin Buddhadasa game da karma ya bambanta sosai da wannan. Ya nuna cewa Buddha da kansa kusan bai taɓa yin magana game da karma ba, kuma tabbas bai yanke hukunci akan mutane ba. Tunanin karma shine tunanin Hindu kuma ya wanzu tun kafin Buddha. Yana zargin cewa ra'ayin Hindu na karma ya shiga cikin addinin Buddha a cikin sharhi da littattafai na baya.

Ga Buddhadasa, karma shine kawai wanda ke haifar da sakamako, mai kyau ko mara kyau, a nan-da-yanzu. 'Ya'yan itãcen ayyukanku, kamar yadda suke, sun riga sun kasance a cikin ayyukanku. Waɗannan 'ya'yan itatuwa suna bayyana kansu a cikin tunanin ku da kuma cikin tasirin muhallinku.

Babu fifiko ga tsarin siyasa

Buddhadasa bai taba bayyana fifiko ga wani tsarin siyasa ba, sai dai dole ne shugabannin su bi dhamma, koyarwar. Shugabannin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi watsi da ra'ayinsa. Bari in takaita ga wasu ‘yan maganganu:

Buddha: "Ba kwaminisanci ne ke barazana ga Thailand ba, amma jari-hujja na cin zali da zalunci."

Sulak Sivaraska: 'Mafi rauni a cikin Buddhadasa shine batun' mai mulkin kama karya', saboda masu mulkin kama karya ba su taba mallakar dhamma ba kuma muna mika wuya ga masu mulkin kama karya. Hatta ma'abota gidajen ibada 'yan kama-karya ne, gami da Buddhadasa kansa….

Tino Kuis

Sources:

Peter A Jackson, Buddhadasa, Buddha Theravada da Gyaran Zamani a Tailandia, Silkworm, Littattafai, 2003
Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, 'Ni' da 'Nawa', Thammasapa & Bunluentham Institution, babu shekara

www.buddhanet.net/budasa.htm

/ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddasa

Bidiyo guda uku don sanin rayuwar Buddhadasa da koyarwarsa:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgw97YTOriw

www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3PmajYl0Q4

www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJvB9xKfX1U

Haqiqa Haqiqa Huxu sun yi bayanin cewa:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJvB9xKfX1U