Hoton taswirar tsoffin masarautu (Lanna da sauransu) kimanin 1750
Mai zuwa Thailand na yau da kullun zai yiwu ya saba da kalmar 'Thainess', amma su wanene ainihin Thai? Wanene aka yiwa lakabin? Tailandia da Thais ba koyaushe suke da haɗin kai kamar yadda wasu za su yi imani da su ba. Da ke ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen bayanin su wanene 'Thai' suka kasance, suka zama kuma suke.
Masu wayewa ne kawai T(h) ai
Mutanen da suka yi magana da harsunan 'Tai' (Thai, Lao da Shan) - ko da yake bisa ga wasu ka'idoji kalmar Lao ta fi dacewa da kalmar Tai -, sun yi hijira daga kudancin kasar Sin zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsakanin karni na bakwai da na goma sha biyu. An kori Mon-Khmer daga wannan yanki ko kuma an haɗa su da mutanen Tai. A yau, Tai har yanzu suna da rinjaye a Tailandia da Laos, amma kuma 'yan tsiraru ne a Vietnam da Myanmar (Burma). Amma ba kowa ba ne aka yiwa lakabin Tai! Ya bayyana kawai wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a: kawai waɗanda suka kai wani matsayi da matsayi ana kiran su Tai. Waɗannan su ne 'mutane masu zaman kansu' (khon thaang sǎngkhom, คนทางสังคม). Wannan a matsayin bambanci idan aka kwatanta da 'sauƙaƙan mutane' daga yanayi (khon thaang thammáchâat, คนทางธรรมชาติ).
Masarautun Thai suna da tsarin feudal tare da masters da serfs: Sakdina. Kalmar Tai ta zo da ma'anar 'yantattun mutane' (sěrichon, เสรีชน): waɗanda ba bayi ba ne ko kuma masu bautar ba, waɗanda suka yi addinin Buddha Theravada, suna magana 'tsakiyar Thai' kuma suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin siyasa tare da dokoki da dokoki. Wannan ya bambanta da khaa (ข่า) da khâa (ข้า). Khaa jahilai ne, ’yan ra’ayi, mutanen daji da ke zaune a wajen duniyar wayewa. Khaa su ne mutanen da ke zaune a wajen birni/jihar-birni: muuang (เมือง). Garin ya tsaya ga wayewa, karkara don rashin wayewa. khâa su ne waɗanda suka yi hidima ko dai a matsayin bayi (phrâi, ไพร่) ko bayi (thâat, ทาส). A cikin rubuce-rubuce na dā mun sami rubutun 'phrâi fáa khâa tai' ( ไพร่ฟ้าข้าไท): 'Ƙa'idodin sararin sama, bayin Tai'. Daga -watakila- zamanin Ayutthaya (1351 - 176) mutane ba sa magana game da Tai (ไท) amma Thai (ไทย).
Mutanen Isaan ba Thai bane amma Lao
Har zuwa karni na sha tara, kalmar Thai ana amfani da ita don kwatanta mutane masu matsayi (masu daraja). Waɗannan mutane ne da suke da wani matsayi, wayewar rayuwa da al'adu na gama gari masu daidaitattun ƙa'idodi da ƙima. Bai shafi mutanen zuriya ba musamman ga mutanen Khorat Plateau (Isaan na yau). Su da mazauna masarautar Lanna (อาณาจักรล้านนา) a arewa, ana ganin Lao. Amma 'Thai' kuma ba ta shafi bakin haure ba: Sinawa, Farisa da kuma korar mutane daban-daban daga yankin. 'Yan tsiraru na gida na iya yin aiki don zama Thai idan sun sami matsayi mai daraja kuma sun raba ka'idoji da ƙimar manyan mutane.
Wannan ya canza a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Siamese Nangklao (Rama III, 1824-1851) da sarki Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851-1868). 'Thai' yanzu ya zama waɗanda suke magana da yaren Thai. Wannan ƙari ne ga sauran ƙungiyoyin (harshe) kamar Lao, Mon, Khmer, Malay da Cham. Karni na sha tara Tailandia ta kasance mafi bambancin kabila fiye da Thailand a yau! Babu takamaiman ƙabila ga Thais, kuma an yi ƙoƙari kaɗan don sanya al'adu ko kabilanci a kan yawan jama'a. Sinawa marasa kama da juna suna rayuwa bisa ka'idodinsu, al'ummomin ƙabilun sun fuskanci wariya da yawa, amma sauran tsiraru sun fuskanci ko žasa da kula da kowa.
Daga ArnoldPlaton, .svg bisa wannan taswirar (daga Utexas a ƙarƙashin Jama'a Domain "Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.") - Aikin kansa, Jama'a Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ w/index.php?curid=18524891
Asalin al'ummar Thai a ƙarshen karni na 19
Har zuwa karni na sha tara, gwamnati ta bayyana wa Turawa karara cewa Thai da Lao ba na mutane daya ba ne. Sarki Monkut ya ce musu, "Lao bayin Thai ne." Thais ba su ɓoye gaskiyar cewa Siam babbar daula ce mai yawan jahohin vassal ƙarƙashin ikonta, amma Siam da kanta bai wuce tsakiyar fili ba (kwarin Chaophraya). Yankunan da ke wajensa, kamar Lanna, har yanzu suna da 'yanci (kyauta) , masarautu masu mulki da biranen birni. Amma a ƙarshen karni na sha tara hoton ya fara canzawa, launin fata / kabilanci yanzu ana ganin shi a matsayin batu mai mahimmanci. Mutane sun fara damuwa cewa ƙasashen yamma za su yi ikirarin yankunan da ke da bashin Bangkok. Karkashin Sarki Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868-1910), hadewar yankunan ya fara ne daga Bangkok. Masarautar Lanna, alal misali, tana da mataimakin da aka nada daga Bangkok a cikin 1877 kuma za a haɗa shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1892. Alal misali, Sarki Chulalongkorn ya yi gargaɗi a lokacin naɗa Kwamishinan Sarki na farko na Chiang Mai a shekara ta 1883 cewa: 'Dole ne ku tuna cewa lokacin da kuke magana da wani ɗan Yamma da Lao, dole ne ku bayyana sarai cewa Baƙin Yamma shine "su" kuma cewa Lao ɗan Thai ne. Amma a gefe guda, idan kuna magana da Lao da Thai, dole ne ku bayyana a fili cewa Lao "su" ne kuma Thai shine "mu".
Bayan 'yan shekaru, sarki ya zo ga sabon fahimta game da Thai da Lao. Ya shawarci kwamishinoni a lardunan 'Lao' cewa Thai da Lao na 'Châat' (al'umma) ɗaya ne, suna magana da yare ɗaya kuma na masarauta ɗaya ne. Da wannan, sarki ya aika da wata alama ga, misali, Faransawa: yankunan da suka hada da Phuthai, Lao, Lao Phuan da Sinanci sun fada karkashin ikon Bangkok. Sai a karshen karni na goma sha tara aka rungumi kalmar 'Châat Thai' (ชาติไทย) don komawa ga ' al'ummar Thai.
Yarima Damrong ya bayyana damuwarsa da Sarki Chulalongkorn game da ko kalmar Chaat Thai za ta haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin Thais da ba na kabilu ba kamar yadda a baya kalmar 'chaat' (haihuwa) ke magana akan halayen wani a lokacin haihuwa, kuma har yanzu gwamnati ba ta yi nasarar mayar da 'yan tsiraru zuwa 'Thai' ba. Fuskantar yankuna da nau'ikan kabilanci na tsayin daka ga mayar da yankin tsakiya (mallakar cikin gida) ta Bangkok, har ma Chulalongkorn ya nuna juyayi ga mulkin kai na masu tayar da kayar baya a kudu, arewa da arewa maso gabas: 'Muna daukar wadannan larduna a matsayin namu amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. , kamar yadda Malay da Lao suka ɗauki larduna a matsayin mallakarsu'.
Source: Wikipedia
Centralization daga Bangkok
Saboda yanayin da ake na ci gaba da mayar da gwamnati tsakiya da kuma shata iyakokin ƙasa, an ci gaba da ƙalubalantar Thai-ification. A cewar Yarima mai jiran gado Vajiravudh, 'yan tsirarun ƙabilun, ƙauye, dole ne a 'lalata' da kuma 'masu gida'. A cikin 1900 har yanzu akwai hoton Thailand daban-daban wanda mutane da yawa suka rayu. Manyan mutane a Bangkok suna kiran mazaunan arewaci da arewa maso gabashin Thailand na zamani da 'Lao'.
Amma Lao suna da girma a cikin girman, mai yiwuwa har ma da yawancin mutane (sunan Thailand daidai ne, muna iya yin mamaki, idan Thai ba shine mafi yawan 'yan ƙasa ba?). A karkashin Yarima Damrong, wanda ya jagoranci sabuwar ma'aikatar cikin gida da aka kafa, ra'ayin cewa Lao na Thai ne ya zama manufa ta hukuma. Ya yi magana game da ƙarshen vassal da ɓangarorin vassal, don sanya duk mutanen Thai kuma ba za su sake lakafta su Lao ko Malay ba. Kamar dai duk rashin fahimta ne, ya ce Lao na jin harshen Thai a wata hanya mai ban mamaki, don haka mutanen Bangkok suna ganin su Lao ne. Amma yanzu ya zama sananne cewa su Thai ne, ba Lao' ba. A cewar yariman, akwai al'ummomi da dama a wajen Siam kamar su Lao, Shan da Lue wadanda suka ba wa kansu sunaye iri-iri amma a hakika duk na mutanen Thailand ne. Dukkansu sun kasance na kabilar Thai kuma suna ganin kansu a matsayin Thai, a cewar sanarwar hukuma
A kidayar farko a shekarar 1904, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a rika kallon Lao a matsayin Thai, inda ta kammala da cewa Siam 'kasa ce mai yawan kabilu daya da kashi 85% na Thai'. Tare da raguwar asalin Lao, masu mulkin mallaka ba za su iya amfani da wannan a kan Bangkok ba. Amma da a ce an haɗa Lao a matsayin aji na daban, da Thaiwan ba su zama mafi yawan mutane masu bambancin ɗabi'a ba. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1913, mazauna ƙasar ba za su iya ƙara bayyana cewa su Lao ba ne, amma suna 'ɓangare na tseren Thai'. Yarima Damrong ya canza sunan lardunan Lao kuma an yiwa yankin Lao lakabin 'Isaan' ko 'arewa-gabas'.
A shekara ta 1906, Sarki Chulalongkorn ya tattauna manufofin ilimi a tsohuwar masarautar Lanna, yana mai cewa 'burin shi ne Lao ya fahimci fa'idar haɗin kai da Thai. Don haka, bai kamata waɗanda ke da alhakin ilimi su raina Lao a matsayin ƙasa da Thai a kowane fanni ba. Dole ne ta nemo hanyar da jami'an gwamnati da na talakawa za su kasance daya da Thai. Idan Lao na da kyau, za a ba su lada kamar Thais.
Duk da haka, wannan haɗin kai da kuma sanya hotuna masu kishin ƙasa da na kishin ƙasa ba koyaushe suke tafiya ba tare da matsala ba, duba misali wannan gabatarwar da Farfesa Andrew Walker ya yi game da tawayen Shan:
Duba kuma: www.thailandblog.nl/Background/shan-opstand-noord-thailand/
Karni na 20, Tailandia ta zama ƙasa ɗaya
Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan ƙidayar 1904, ta hanyar mu'ujiza, duk waɗanda ke magana da yaren Thai (tsakiyar Thai, Lao, Shan, Puthai, da sauransu) sun zama 'yan ƙasa na Thai' kuma membobin 'kabilar Thai'. Thais yanzu sun zama mafi rinjaye a cikin al'ummar. An danne masu karkatar da sunayen yanki. An sake rubuta tarihi kuma duk mazauna yanzu Thai ne kuma koyaushe sun kasance. A farkon karni na ashirin, kalmar 'Thai' ba ta nuna yanayin zamantakewar mutum ba amma asalinsa.
Bisa ga dokar ilimi ta 1912, an bukaci malamai a duk faɗin daular su koya wa ɗalibansu 'yadda za su kasance da hali kamar Thai mai kyau', koya musu tarihin Thai da na Thai da kuma yadda za su kare da kiyaye al'ummarsu . An hana harsunan banda Central Thai a cikin aji.
A karkashin matsananciyar manufofin kishin kasa na mai mulkin kama karya na Field Marshal Phibun Songkraam a cikin 30s da farkon 40s, Thainess ya sake kasancewa. Sun kasance a cikin 19de Karni, kalmomin 'Châat Thai' (ชาติไทย), 'Muuang Thai' (เมืองไทย), 'Pràthêt Thai' (ประเทศยยเทศยยยย and S. าม) An yi amfani da shi don yin nuni ga ƙasar, shekaru da yawa bayan yakin duniya na biyu aka kira kasar Thailand. Wannan shi ne yadda Thailand ta zama ƙasa mai haɗin kai, ƙasa mai kama da juna inda kusan kowa yana da ɗan ƙasar Thai, yana cikin jinsin Thai, Buddha ne kuma mai bin doka da oda ga ƙasar Thailand.
Sources:
- Ci gaban Siyasa na Tailandia na Zamani, Federico Ferrara. 2015.
- Gaskiya akan gwaji a Thailand, David Streckfuss, 2010.
- Karatun 'kabila' na tarihin 'Thai' a cikin faɗuwar tsohuwar ƙirar 'Thai' ta ƙasa na ƙarni, - David Streckfuss, 2012.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages
- https://pantip.com/topic/37029889
A kan taswirar tare da kabilu mun ga yadda yawancin 'Thai' ke da yawa ... tarihi a zahiri an tona shi da alkalami a hannu. A cikin 'yan shekarun baya na karni na 19, yankin arewa maso gabas yana da lakabi 'Monthon Lao Kao' (มณฑลลาวกาว): lardunan Laotian da suka fada karkashin Bangkok. Kuma a cikin 'yan shekaru, Prince Damrong ya kirkiro 'Monthon tawan tok chiang nuea' (มณฑลตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ) na lardin arewa-maso-gabas: (s. Kuma ba a daɗe ba (kimanin 1900) suka zo da Isaan (มณฑลอีสาน), wanda kuma ke nufin arewa maso gabas.
Kusan wannan lokacin, ana kuma tattara tarihi a cikin Prachoem Phongsawadan (ประชุมพงศาวดาร). A cikin sigar farko har yanzu suna magana game da Lao, amma a ƙarƙashin Yarima Damrong an yi watsi da wannan kuma sun canza wannan zuwa 'Thai' don sabon bugu. Wannan wani lokaci yana haifar da karkatattun rubutu.
Misali inda A ya canza zuwa B:
1A: 'Yan asalin yankin (khon phuen mueang) su ne Lao,
Khmer (Khamen), da Suai, kabilanci (tattaunawa), kuma [ban da ƙari] akwai mutanen wasu
kasashe (prathet uen), kamar Thai, Farang [Westerners], Vietnamese, Burma,
Tongsu, da Sinanci, waɗanda suka zauna don yin ciniki da yawa.
คนพื้นเมืองมืองเบ วประเทศอื่นคืนไทย , นนนง ,
waka, waka
1B: ƴan asalin ƙasar Thai ne. Baya ga Thai,
akwai Khmer, Suai, da Lawa, 16 da mutanen wasu ƙasashe irin su Farang,
Vietnamese, Burma, Tongsu, da Sinanci sun zauna, amma ba su da yawa.
Ga karin bayani kan wakar ,
ญวน พม่า กนัก
2A: “Lokacin da mutanen Lao (chon chat lao) waɗanda suka kasance a cikin
kasa (prathet) zuwa arewa, .." (งเหนือ)
2B: "Lokacin da mutanen kabilar Thai (chon chat thai) waɗanda suka kasance
a kasar zuwa arewa,” เหนือ).
Game da tawaye ('Yan tawayen Lao sun zama 'yan tawayen Thai??):
3A: A wancan lokacin, ta wurin dangin Lao da Khmer, waɗanda,
bisa ga umarnin Chao Pasak (Yo), an tattara shi kuma ya kasance a cikin birnin
Champasak, yayin samun labarin cewa sojojin Bangkok sun kai farmaki…
a cikin shekarar alade, 1189 na Karamin Zamani [1827 AD], Lao da Khmer
iyalai duk sun hada kai wajen cinna wuta a birnin Champasak.
song (on) นครั้นรู้ข่าว
Karin bayani song
Tags:
3B: A wancan lokacin, ta bangaren waɗancan iyalai Thai da Khmer, waɗanda,
bisa ga umarnin Chao Champasak (Yo), an tattara shi kuma ya kasance a cikin birni
na Champasak, yayin samun labarin cewa sojojin Bangkok sun kai farmaki…
a cikin shekarar alade, 1189 na Karamin Era [1827 AD], waɗannan iyalai duk sun shiga.
a kokarin kona birnin Champasak.
song: song See more
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จำาปาศักดิ์ลุกลามฃ
Ta wannan hanyar za ku ƙare da taswira kamar yadda muke gani a tsakiyar yanki, inda ƙungiyoyin 'kabilanci' na Thai suka mamaye ƙasar. Ba ka ƙara ganin cewa ƙasar tana da bambancin gaske.
Sources:
– Kirkirar Tarihin “Isan” (Akiko Iijima)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthon
labari mai dadi. matata yar Uttaradit ce. yayi iƙirarin zama ɗan Thai amma kuma yana magana kuma yana rubuta Laotian. kamar yawancin mutane a nan. har ma ya kai ga cewa tsofaffi na gaske, ciki har da surukata ’yar shekara 78, suna magana da Lao a tsakaninsu.
Har yanzu ina da dangi “na nesa” da ke zaune a wancan gefen iyaka waɗanda har yanzu muna hulɗa da su lokaci-lokaci, musamman a lokacin jana'izar.
Iyalin “tsofaffin” kuma duk suna zaune a wani yanki da ke kan iyaka da Laos.
Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, da sauransu har zuwa Ubon Ratchatani
Yana da kyau a sami bayani anan.
Labari mai kyau, Rob V.! Ya bayyana da yawa game da matsalolin da Thailand ke fuskanta har yanzu.
Katin farko yana cewa 'Tai Lue' a cikin haske kore. An nuna wuraren zama a kudancin China inda ake kiran su 'Dai', da kuma a arewacin Laos. Amma yawancin mazauna yankin Thai Lue a Arewacin Thailand, baƙi a cikin shekaru 100-150 da suka gabata, ba a nuna su ba.
Ɗana shine 'rabi' Thai Lue. Mahaifiyarsa koyaushe tana cewa asalinta na farko shine 'Thai Lue' sannan 'Thai'. Ina tsammanin wannan kuma ya shafi yawancin Isaners.
Abin da bai fayyace ba a nan shi ne cewa cikin ƙarnuka da yawa "iyakoki" tsakanin al'ummomi (musamman Khmer da Burma, waɗanda ba a ambata a nan ba) sun canza sosai. Ƙari ga haka, an yi cuɗanya sosai tsakanin al’ummai, bayan ɗaya ya ci ɗaya.
Tare da iyakar TH-KH (= Cambodia), yawancin mutane har yanzu suna magana da Khmer a tsakanin su kuma daidaitattun binciken ɗan adam yana nuna ƙarin fasali na Khmer.
Bugu da ƙari kuma: a nan a cikin Netherlands da kuma tabbas a Belgium, irin wannan abu ya faru a tsawon shekaru, Yaren mutanen Holland a hankali ya zama daidaitattun harshe ga kowa da kowa kuma an tura Frisian, Twents, Drenthes, Limburgs, da dai sauransu zuwa gefe. EN BE ba ta wanzu har tsawon shekaru 200.
A cikin yanki na gaba zan yi magana game da iyakoki, ko kuma rashinsa. Akwai jahohin birni (muang, เมือง), tare da sarakuna ko manyan mutane. Waɗannan suna da iko a kan yankin nan da nan da ke kewaye da muang kuma a wasu lokatai suna yin balaguro zuwa cikin dazuzzuka don washe sauran wuraren da jama'a ke zaune (musamman don bautar da mutane) da / ko kuma su mamaye wasu muang don su zama masu mulki. Wasu muang sun kasance suna bin muang fiye da 1 mafi girma. Babu takamaiman iyakoki har zuwa karni na 19. Hakanan an sami rugujewar wurare, muang da yawa waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yanki da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Ba tare da faɗi ba cewa waɗannan hare-hare na ganima, yaƙe-yaƙe da 'yan gudun hijira su ma sun sa al'umma su ƙare nan da can. Siam da kanta ya kasance babban mai fashi da makami. Mummunan taswirar da ke nuna kusan dukkanin kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga Malaysia zuwa China a matsayin 'Thai' don haka farfaganda ce mai ban dariya. Thongchai Winichakul ya bayyana wannan duka da kyau a cikin littafinsa 'Siam mapped'. Zan rubuta wani abu bisa wannan littafin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, amma ba zai kasance a shirye a cikin walƙiya ba. Ko da yake wasu Thais har yanzu suna zubar da manyan hawayen kada a kan ɓataccen yanki / ƙwace kuma suna musun babban bambancin dake tsakanin al'ummomin idan hakan bai dace da su ba (ko kuma, idan hakan ya dace da su, suna zargin Thais daga sassa daban-daban na duniya a matsayin mayaudara marasa Thai) .
Amma na gode da ra'ayin ku. Wannan kuma taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani ne, amma jin daɗin yin ƙarin bayani kan wasu fannoni.
Don kwatanta abin da Canjin ya rubuta; A farkon wannan shekara kakar kaka ta abokin tarayya ta rasu. Tana da shekara tamanin kuma ta zauna a wani kauye tsakanin birnin Buriram da kan iyaka da Cambodia. Wannan kakar kakar ta yi magana da Khmer kawai kuma, sai dai ziyarar da ba kasafai ba a birnin, ba ta taba barin yankin ba. Abokina na, wanda aka haife shi a 1991, ya yi karatu a yaren Khmer a makarantar firamare. Yaren Thai shine yaren koyarwa a makarantar sakandare a Buriram da makarantar sakandare a Bangkok.
A lokacin mutuwarta, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin bankwana da kakarsa ta wayar hannu a Khmer kuma ya gano cewa ba zai iya yin amfani da Khmer sosai ba, duk da cewa har yanzu yana da'awar fahimtar hakan da kyau. Lokacin da na yi masa magana da ƴan kalmomin Khmer da na koya a Cambodia, bai fahimce su ba. Daga wannan na fahimci cewa Khmer da ake magana a Cambodia ya bambanta sosai da Khmer da ake magana a Buriram.
Har yanzu na manta batun; wannan kakar kakar tana magana da Khmer kawai kuma ba ta koyi yaren Thai ba.
Abin ban mamaki cewa ba a ambaci ƙananan ƙananan mutanen Thai a ko'ina ba, mutane irin su Mani.