Khun Phaen da ɗa (noiAkame / Shutterstock.com)
Ana iya karanta kowane aikin adabi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Wannan kuma ya shafi mafi shahara kuma abin sha'awar almara a cikin al'adar adabin Thai: Khun Chang Khun Phaen (KCKP daga baya).
Masu ba da labarin balaguro ne da ’yan bangar da suka yi ta a sassa a ƙauyuka don masu saurare da dariya da kuka. Labarin na iya komawa zuwa 17e karni, an wuce ta baki kuma koyaushe ana ƙara shi da sabbin layin labari. A farkon 19e karni, gidan sarauta ya kula da shi, ya daidaita shi bisa ga ka'idoji da dabi'u na lokacin kuma an rubuta shi a rubuce. Kusan 1900 Yarima Damrong ne ya buga mafi shaharar bugu a bugawa.
Wannan labarin ya kasance a shirye na ɗan lokaci amma yanzu an sabunta shi bayan kyakkyawan fassarar almara ta Rob V.
Takaitaccen labarin:
Chang, Phaen da Wanthong sun girma tare a Suphanburi. Chang mutum ne mummuna, gajere, mai sanko, mai bakin ciki, amma mai arziki kuma yana da alaƙa da gidan sarauta. Phaen, a gefe guda, matalauci ne amma kyakkyawa, jajirtacce, ƙwararren fasahar yaƙi da sihiri. Wanthong ita ce mafi kyawun yarinya a Suphanburi. Ta sadu da Phaen, wanda ya kasance novice a lokacin, a lokacin Songkran kuma sun fara wani al'amari mai ban sha'awa. Chang yayi kokarin cin nasara akan Wanthong da kudinsa amma soyayya tayi nasara. Phaen ya bar haikalin kuma ya auri Wanthong.
Bayan ƴan kwanaki, sarki ya kira Phaen ya jagoranci yaƙin yaƙi da Chiang Mai. Chang ya kwace damarsa. Ya yada jita-jita cewa Phaen ya fadi kuma, tare da mahaifiyar Wanthong da dukiyarsa a matsayin abokansa, sun yi nasara wajen kama Wanthong mai rashin so. Wanthong tana jin daɗin rayuwarta mai daɗi tare da sabon mijinta, mai kulawa da aminci.
Sa'an nan Phaen ya dawo daga nasararsa a fagen fama tare da wata kyakkyawar mace, Laothong, a matsayin ganima. Ya je Suphanburi ya yi ikirarin matarsa ta farko, Wanthong. Bayan jayayyar kishi tsakanin Laothong da Wanthong, Phaen ya fita, ya bar Wanthong tare da Chang. Don laifi, sarki ya mallaki Laothong.
Phaen ya koma Suphanburi kuma ya yi garkuwa da Wanthong. Suna zaune kadai a cikin daji tsawon shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da Wanthong ya sami ciki, sai suka yanke shawarar komawa Ayutthaya inda Phaen ya fusata sarki ta hanyar neman dawowar Laothong. An tsare Phaen a kurkuku inda Wanthong ke kula da shi sosai.
Amma kuma Chang ya yi garkuwa da Wanthong ya kai ta gidansa inda ta haifi dan Phaen. Ana ba shi suna Phlai Ngam kuma ya girma a matsayin siffar mahaifinsa. A cikin wani yanayi na kishi, Chang ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe shi ta hanyar barin shi cikin daji, abin da ya faskara, kuma Phlai Ngam ya koma wani haikali.
Shekaru sun shuɗe wanda Phlai Ngam ya bi sawun mahaifinsa. Ya yi nasara a fagen yaki da soyayya. Chang bai daina yakin Wanthong ba. Ya roki sarki da ya gane Wanthong a matsayin matarsa. Sarki ya kirawo masa Wanthong ya umarce ta da ta zabi tsakanin masoyanta biyu. Wanthong ya yi jinkiri, yana mai bayyana Phaen a matsayin babban ƙaunarta da Chang a matsayin amintaccen mai kiyaye ta kuma mai kula da ita, inda sarki ya fusata ya yanke hukuncin fille mata kai.
Ana kai Wanthong zuwa wurin aiwatar da kisa. Ɗanta Phlai Ngam ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don tausasa zuciyar sarki, sarkin ya yafe kuma ya mai da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Mahaya dawakai masu gaggawar tafiya karkashin jagorancin Phlai Ngam, nan da nan suka tashi daga fadar. Abin baƙin ciki ya yi latti, tun daga nesa suka ga mai kisan ya ɗaga takobi kuma a daidai lokacin da Phlai Ngam ya zo, ya faɗi kan Wanthong.
Yanke kai (ba Wanthong ba amma mahaifin Khun Phaen) - (JaaoKun / Shutterstock.com)
Ra'ayin Thai na wallafe-wallafe
Da farko, tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen a Tailandia ta mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan hankalinta a kan tsari, kuma har yanzu haka lamarin yake a yawancin litattafai a yau. Ya kasance game da zaɓin kalmomi, juzu'i, kari da kari, yayin da ba a la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a tattauna ko yanke hukunci dalla-dalla.
Wannan ya canza a cikin rikice-rikice na XNUMXs. Baya ga tattaunawa game da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da siyasa, wani sabon motsi ya fito wanda ya fi sha'awar abubuwan da ke cikin adabi. Almara KCKP shima bai kubuta ba. Na sami abin ban mamaki da ban sha'awa sosai don karanta wasu lokuta daban-daban fassarorin almara sun bayyana. Suna cikin littafin da aka ambata a ƙasa. Zan ambace su a takaice in kara tawilina.
Al'ummar Siyama sun san (kuma basu da) ka'idoji
Wannan shine ra'ayin ML Boonlua Debryasuvarn. Ita ce 'ya ta talatin da biyu na uba mai daraja kuma daliba ta farko a jami'ar Chulalongkorn, wanda ya yiwu bayan juyin juya halin 1932. Ta karanci adabi, daga baya ta koyar da rubuta labarai da littattafai. Maƙalarta akan KCKP ta fito ne a cikin 1974. A ciki ta nuna yadda babu wanda ke cikin almara ya damu da ƙa'idodi ko ƙa'idodi. Hukumomi ba su da kwarewa kuma ba kasafai ake hukunta masu laifi ba. Ba zato ba tsammani, ta ba da irin wannan hukunci mai tsanani game da halin da ake ciki a lokacinta.
Phaen ya ci gaba da tafiya, a cikin makabarta ya tarar da gawar mace mai ciki da ta rasu. Da mantras dinsa ya mallaketa ya cire mata tayin a cikinta. Ya ɗauki yaron da yake kuka a hannunsa ya yi wa wannan ruhu baftisma a matsayin Kuman Thong ɗinsa
Tashin hankali na haruffa a cikin almara KCKP
Cholthira Satyawadhna kuma ta kammala karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Chulalongkorn tare da takardar shaidar da aka amince da ita a cikin 1970 mai take: 'Aikace-aikacen Hanyoyin Yamma na Sukar Adabin Zamani zuwa Adabin Thai'. Binciken tunani na Cholthirak ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Freudian masu adawa da 'burin mutuwa' da 'burin rai', musamman a cikin alaƙar jima'i. Daga nan ta yi bayanin halin tashin hankali da bacin rai na Khun Phaen da halin masochistic na Wanthong.
"Kuna cika da kanku Wanthong, na kusa yanka Khun Chang gunduwa-gunduwa, amma ku ne kuke yaudara a nan. Die Wanthong!" Ya buga ƙafafu ya zare takobinsa.
KCKP na almara yana wakiltar yanayin addinin Buddha na ɗabi'a
An saita almara KCKP a farkon 19e karnin da kotun Siamese ta daidaita zuwa ga ka'idoji da dabi'un da kotun ke son kafawa da yadawa. A baya Warunee Osatharom ya yi rubuce-rubuce mai yawa game da yancin ɗan adam, matsayin mata da dangantakar dake tsakanin ƙasa da al'umma. A cikin wata makala a kusa da 2010 ta nuna yadda kotu ke amfani da ka'idojin ɗabi'a daga nassosin Buddha don kafa akidar Buddah da mulkin sarauta. Khun Phaen mutum ne mai 'kyau' saboda biyayya ga sarki da Wanthong mace mara kyau saboda ta yi watsi da bukatun sarki kuma bisa ga ma'anar karma ta biya shi da rayuwarta.
"Phlai Kaeo abokin rayuwarka ne na baya. Ba wasu maza dubu ɗari ba ne za su iya lashe zuciyar ku. Ina cikin damuwa idan har kin san yadda za ki kula da shi. Kada ku yi kuskuren da zai fusata mijinku. Ka kwantar da hankalinka komai yanayin, ka nuna masa tawali’u kuma ka saurare shi. Kada ku yi kishi kuma kada ku jawo matsala. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, fara magana game da shi tare. Kar ku yi fada da ihu. Da fatan za a yi muku albarka da farin ciki na dindindin. Ki zo yanzu mijinki yana jiranki”. Kuma da waɗancan kalmomin Phim ya shiga gidan amarya. Kamar yadda ya dace da mace ta gari, Phim ta yi sujada a gaban ubangijinta, maigidanta da mijinta.
Birni, ƙauye da gandun daji sune abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don tantancewa da (kyauta).
David Atherton ya rubuta rubutun farko na ƙasashen waje akan KCKP a cikin 2006. Ya nuna yadda ra'ayoyi, ɗabi'a da kuma ainihin mutanen da ke cikin almara za su bambanta bisa ga inda suke. A cikin birni suna da alaƙa da ƙa'idodin ɗaure da ke aiki a can, yayin da hakan ya fi ƙanƙanta a ƙauyen da gida. A cikin dajin da Phaen da Wantong suka shafe watanni da yawa, za su iya zama kansu. Kusan dukkan al'amuran soyayya daga KCKP an kwatanta su daga al'amuran halitta: ruwan sama mai ɗorewa, tsananin iska, tsawa da walƙiya, sannan kuma kwanciyar hankali da nutsuwa.
Da zarar zurfi a cikin gandun daji, ma'auratan sun ji daɗin yanayi mai ban sha'awa. Ahankali soyayyarta da Khun Phaen ta dawo suka yi soyayya a karkashin wata babbar bishiyar banyan.
Phaen mai tawaye da gwagwarmayar mulki
Yawancin tatsuniyoyi na al'ada daga Tailandia suna juyar da gaskiyar da ke akwai da kuma tushen imani. Allahn Shinkafa ya fi Buddha ƙarfi, Sri Thanonchai ya fi Sarki wayo kuma haka a cikin wannan almara. Wani talaka daga cikin mutane, Khun Phaen, ta hanyoyi da yawa yana adawa da mulki da dukiyar masu mulki da suka mallaka daga matsayinsu na yau da kullun. Khun Phaen yana adawa da ikonsa da iliminsa. Gwanaye ne ya mallaki kansa. Chris Baker da Pasuk Pongpaichit sun kwatanta shi da almara na Robin Hood. Wantong ba a yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba saboda kasancewarsa muguwar mace, amma don tauye ikon sarki a fili. Shahararrun labarai da yawa daga zamanin da sun kasance game da wannan. Ikon sarki da karfin adawa na mutane. Lallai masu sauraro sun so shi.
Phra Wai ya yi sauri zuwa fada, ya yi amfani da mantras don sanya sarki cikin kyakkyawan tunani. "Me ya kawo ku nan? Sun riga sun kashe mahaifiyarka?” In ji sarki
Wanthong mace ce mai tawaye kuma mai zaman kanta, farkon mace?
Gudunmawara ita ce. Kusan duk sharhi kan almara KCKP yana nuna Wantong a matsayin muguwar mace. Tana son maza biyu, tana da ƙarfin zuciya, mai raɗaɗi kuma ba ta tauye maganarta. Ta ƙi bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma don ɗabi'ar mata, ta zaɓi nata zaɓi kuma ta bi hanyarta. Ita ma ba ta yi wa sarki biyayya ba sai ta biya ta da sare kai. Hakan ya sa ta zama macen zamani ta wasu hanyoyi, kila mu kira ta mai ra’ayin mata duk da cewa hakan ya fi daukar hankali. Mai yiyuwa ne cewa a cikin waɗannan ƙarnin da aka yi almara a ƙauyuka da garuruwa, Wantong ya sami sha'awar mutane da yawa, a asirce musamman mata.
Uwa ta matso kusa da Wanthong, “A matsayinki na gwauruwa kin zama mallakin sarki. Karɓi hannun Khun Chang kawai. Abin da ke damunsa shi ne kansa, amma shi mai arziki ne kuma zai iya kula da ku sosai”. Wanthong ya mayar da martani, “Kudinsa kawai kuke gani, ko da kare ne ko alade za ku ba ni. Ina da shekara sha shida kacal kuma maza biyu?!”
Kuma hakan ya kawo ni ga kallo na ƙarshe. A da, ma, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa masu adawa da juna. Ina tsammanin cewa waɗannan tatsuniyoyi sau da yawa suna da niyyar sanya ajin masu mulki da ka'idoji da dabi'u masu rinjaye a cikin wani yanayi na daban ta hanyar halayen manyan jarumai a cikin labarun, ba shakka don faranta wa masu sauraro rai. Shi ya sa suka shahara sosai
Albarkatu da sauransu
- Nazarin biyar akan Khun Chang Khun Phaen, Fuskoki da yawa na Classic Literary na Thai, Chris Baker da Pasuk Phongpaichit suka shirya, Littattafan Silkworm, 2017 - ISBN 978-616-215-131-6
- Labarin Khun Chang Khun Phaen, Babban Labarin Soyayya da Yaki na Siam, Littattafan Silkworm, 2010 - ISBN 978-616-215-052-4
- Takaitacciyar KCKP na Rob V:
www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-thailands-most-famous-legende-part-1/
www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-thailands-most-famous-legende-part-2/
www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-thailands-most-famous-legende-part-3/
www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-thailands-most-famous-legende-part-4/
www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-thailands-most-famous-legende-part-5-slot/
Wani yanki na baya game da:
- KCKP tare da ƙarin bayani: www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/khun-chang-khun-phaen-het-most-famous-epos-thaise-literatuur/
- Game da Sri Thanonchai kasancewarsa ya fi sarki wayo: www.thailandblog.nl/cultuur/sri-thanonchai-iaanse-tijl-uilenspiegel/
A zamanin da, yankin ya kasance mafi yawan ma'aurata, don haka dangantakar iyali ta kasance ta uwa ba uba ba. A wani lokaci wanda ya karkata zuwa ga al'ummar ubangida, amma ba kwa goge alamu irin wannan 1-2-3. Ba mamaki da yawa na wannan iko na mata da godiya sun dade. Watakila Wanthong ta yi ‘kuskure’ bisa ra’ayin manyan masu fada aji a karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 ta rashin sanin matsayinta, amma tabbas wasu kungiyoyi ma sun yaba mata. Kyakkyawar mace, wacce ba ta faɗo a bakinta ba, kuma ba ta bari a sayar da tubers na lemo. Mace mai son soyayya.
Haka nan za ka ga da yawa daga cikin matan da suka fito daga wannan saga, amma kuma a cikin tsofaffin labaran da suka gabata (fiye da karni daya da suka wuce), cewa matan sun san yadda ake tafiyar da al’amura ba su da wani aiki na kashin kaji ko mika kai. Dauki misali na kwarkwasa a fili mata, cewa a fili ya fito daga hakikanin rai. Don haka a, ni ma ina ganin cewa a zamanin masu tada labarai, da yawa ’yan kallo sun saurari wannan al’amari cikin yarda da nishadi. 🙂
Har yanzu mata sun fi maza ƙarfi a Thailand.
Maza su ne shugaba, mata su ne shugaba.
Tino, na gode da wannan bayanin! Kuma tare da jinkirin kalmar godiya daga gare ni zuwa ga Rob V don gudunmawar da ya bayar.
Ga masu sha'awar ƙarin nazari, tare da wasu Googling ana iya samun waɗannan abubuwan akan layi:
1. Chris Baker da Pasuk Phongpaich tare da:
- "Aikin Khun Chang Khun Phaen," Journal of the Siam Society 2009 Vol. 97
(wani sashi ya mamaye nazarin su a cikin KCKP)
2. Gritiya Rattanakantadilok tare da rubutunta (Yuni 2016):
- "Fassarar Labarin Khun Chang Khun Phaen: wakilcin al'adu, jinsi da addinin Buddha"
(Daga cikin abin da Babi na 2.2 ya yi magana game da abun ciki: ƙirƙirar fatalwa da tsaftace labaran ta hanyar "Siwalai" da kuma game da ainihin mace).