Abubuwan waje a cikin gine-ginen Siamese/Thai - Italiyanci (kashi na 1)

Joachim Grassi (hoto: Wikimedia - Chainwit

Da zuwan Turawa na farko a ƙarni na sha shida da na sha bakwai, ba a daɗe ba sai abubuwan Yammacin Turai suka bayyana a cikin gine-ginen Siamese. Jagoran ajin Ayutthaya ya dubi mamaki da kila kuma sun yaba da irin bakon gine-ginen da wadannan baki suka yi a bayan birnin musamman irin sana'ar da aka yi da ita.

Ba wai kawai majami'un Katolika guda uku da ke da alaƙa da gidajen Dominican, Franciscan da Jesuit ba, har ma da gine-ginen kasuwanci waɗanda hedkwatar VOC, wacce aka gina a cikin salon Dutch, tare da faffadan matakala da turret na ado, babu shakka ya fi daukar hankali. Don haka ba a daɗe ba kafin sarakunan Siamese suka yi amfani da sabis na maginan Fotigal, Faransanci da Dutch, magina da masu dutse. Har zuwa wani lokaci sun nemi taimakon wasu ƴan Uban Jesuit waɗanda da alama sun kware sosai a duk sana'o'i don taimaka musu su cika burinsu na gine-gine. An san a cikin bayanin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro na Holland da aka tura daga Batavia zuwa Siam don taimakawa wajen gina wuyan ƙawancen Dutch. Abin takaici, duk waɗannan gine-gine sun ɓace lokacin da Burma ya lalata babban birnin Siamese da wuta da takobi a shekara ta 1767.

A Lopburi, duk da haka, kuna iya ganin rugujewar mazaunin da Constantine Phaulkon (1647-1688), ɗan wasan Girka kuma mai ba da shawara wanda ya zama mai ba da shawara ga kotun Sarki Narai a matsayin Chao Phraya Wichayen, ya gina. Asali an gina shi a matsayin wurin zama na jakadan Faransa, wannan katafaren ginin tare da manyan gabobin sa, kofa na al'ada da firam ɗin taga da kyawawan shimfidar wurare masu madauwari suna ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na yadda waɗannan gine-ginen Yammacin-Siamese suka yi kama da lokacin. .

Rushewar gidan Chao Phraya Wichayen, ragowar gidan Constantine Phaulkon a Lopburi (Amnat Puthamrong / Shutterstock.com)

Yammacin gine-gine, duk da haka, ya zamabunƙasar kasuwanci Karkashin mulkin Sarki Chulalongkorn wanda ya mulki masarautar daga 1868 zuwa 1910. Wannan sarki ya damu da ra'ayin cewa Siam ya zama na zamani ko ta halin kaka domin ya sami damar yin tsayin daka ga ci gaban turawan mulkin mallaka na yamma a kowane bangare. Wani muhimmin al'amari na manyan manufofinsa na sake fasalin shi ne tsare-tsarensa na birane na Bangkok. Don burge baƙi na Yamma da kuma musamman hukumomin Yammacin Turai da jami'an diflomasiyya, ya yi gine-ginen jama'a da manyan fadoji a cikin gine-gine'salon hadawa' wanda dole ne ya haɗu da girman Turai tare da ladabi na Asiya. Ya yi imani da cewa, wannan nunin tsarin gine-gine na iko, wanda aka yi rance mai ban sha'awa tare da abubuwa daga Renaissance da Baroque, da dai sauransu, zai sami Siam babbar daraja da mutuntawa wanda zai sa kasashen Yamma su kalli Siam a matsayin abokiyar kawance a maimakon haka. na manufa don fadada mulkin mallaka.

Sarkin ya yi kira ga masu gine-ginen Turai da dama, ciki har da ’yan Italiya kaɗan, da su gane waɗannan manyan buri, kuma a yau zan so in ɗan ɗan yi tunani a kan mafi mahimmancin waɗannan ƙwararrun maginan Rum. Wannan babu shakka Gioachino ko Joachim Grassi (1837-1904). Ko da yake ni nan da nan predicate 'Italiyanci' wanda dole ne a sanya shi cikin hangen nesa saboda Grassi yaro ne na lokacinsa kuma duk da bayyanannen Italiyanci Tushen an haife shi kuma ya girma a cikin masarautar Austro-Hungary, musamman a Capodistria, Koper na yau a Slovenia. A wasu kalmomi, shi ɗan Ostiriya ne ta hanyar daidaituwar tarihi, Italiyanci a cikin zuciya da yanayi, kuma daga baya ya zama Faransanci ta zaɓi. Ba a san da yawa game da farkon shekarunsa ba, sai dai ya fito ne daga dangin de Grassi, dangi da tushen Venetian. Yadda ya ƙare a Gabas Mai Nisa shi ma bai fito fili ba, amma a 1869 mun same shi a Shanghai. A shekara mai zuwa, duk da haka, yana Bangkok inda ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin katako na Faransa Boneville. Ba lokaci ne mai kyau don shiga wannan sana'a ba. Kasuwancin katako ya tsaya cik kuma gandun daji na Burtaniya a Burma da Lanna suka kafa gasa mai tsauri. Da sauri Grassi ya gane haka kuma nan da nan ya fara bayyana kansa a matsayin injiniyan farar hula kuma ɗan kwangila.

Bang Pa-In Royal Palace

Ban san yadda ɗan ƙasar Italiyan mu ya yi hulɗa da Chulalongkorn ba, amma yana iya kasancewa da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukansa na farko na gine-gine, wato ƙira da ginawa a cikin 1872 na gidan Chao Phraya Surawong Waiyawat, ɗan zuriyar Iyalin Bunnag, wanda a wancan lokacin, bayan dangin sarauta, watakila shine mafi iko a kasar. A kowane hali, a cikin wannan shekarar Sarkin ya ba da izini ga Grassi da kansa ya zana manyan gine-gine - ciki har da dakin karaga - na Fadar Bang Pa-in. Wannan tsohuwar fadar bazara da ke gabar Chao Praya, kusa da Ayutthaya, ta fada cikin lalacewa tsawon shekaru da yawa kafin Sarki Mongkut, mahaifin Chulalongkorn, ya yanke shawarar haɓakawa da sake amfani da rukunin. Grassi ne ke da alhakin yawancin sabbin gine-gine a wannan rukunin yanar gizon kamar Warophat Phiman da Sabakran Rajaprayoon Residential Hall. Gine-gine masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayatattun ƙauyuka na Renaissance waɗanda babban maginin Italiya Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) ya gina a Veneto. Haɗin kai na nau'i mai tsabta da aiki wanda ya kasance irin na ƙauyen Palladian ya zama siffa ta dindindin na aikin Grassi a Siam. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu masu gine-ginen Italiya waɗanda daga baya suka shiga sabis na Siamese, waɗanda da gangan suka haɗa abubuwan yamma da Asiya.

Warophat Phiman

An yaba da zane-zanen Grassi a fili kuma umarni suka bi juna cikin sauri. A cikin 1883, tare da 'yan uwansa Giacomo, injiniya da Antonio, mai sassaka, ya kafa kamfanin Grassi Brothers & Co. Kunna Kamfanin rajista a ofishin jakadancin Austro-Hungary. Shekarun da suka biyo baya sun sami albarka ga ’yan’uwa. Sun tsara kuma sun gina komai da komai: daga makarantu (Makarantar Sunandalay & Kwalejin zato), sama da gidan yari (Tsohuwar Gidan kurkukun Bangkok), hasumiya mai kararrawa na Cocin Conception da hedkwatar Hong Kong da Bankin Shanghai zuwa babban Gothic neo-Gothic. abin tunawa ga jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya kuma babban mashawarcin Chulalongkorns Henry Alabaster. Wasu daga cikin zane-zanensu, ciki har da fadoji, har yanzu sun tabbatar da yanayin titi a Bangkok har wa yau, tare da mafi kyawun misali mai yiwuwa shi ne babban barikin da Joachim Grassi ya gina tsakanin Babban Fada da Wuri Mai Tsarki a gaban Titin City, wanda har yanzu yana hidima. yau a matsayin ma'aikatar tsaro ko kuma tsohon gidan kwastam a gundumar Bang Rak kusa da Chao Phraya.

Ma'aikatar Tsaro (Panya7 / Shutterstock.com)

Don, a ganina, mafi girman ginin gine-gine wanda ya birkice teburin zane na Grassi, dole ne mu koma Ayutthaya. Wat Niwet Thammaprawat shine, a ganina, haikalin addinin Buddah daya tilo a duniya wanda aka gina a matsayin majami'ar Gothic na Turai na gaske, gami da hasumiya ta coci tare da spire. Wannan ginin na musamman wanda na yi imani yana tare da mafi yawa Farang gaba daya ba a sani ba, yana kusa da fadar Bang Pa-in kuma tabbas ya cancanci ziyarar don baƙon abin mamaki na tafiya a cikin ɗayan gidajen ibada na Buddha goma sha shida waɗanda kowace shekara ke karɓar sarauta. katsinasadaukarwa, yayin da launuka masu haske daga gilashin gilashin Neo-Gothic suna haskaka abin da a farkon gani babban bagadin Kirista ne, wanda idan aka yi la'akari da shi ya zama wurin ibadar Buddha. Ditto don mimbari mai rakiyar.

Wat Niwet Thammaprawat

Akwai ma hanyar haɗi na Dutch zuwa wannan Italiyanci mai ban sha'awa. A cikin 1888 ya zana shirye-shiryen sabon ginin na Concordia Club a Batavia. Wannan al'umma, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1836 don sojojin Holland da hafsoshin ruwa, yana buƙatar gaggawar sabon ginin kulab mai ayyuka da yawa kuma, bayan da aka yi nazari da yawa, an yi la'akari da cewa Joachim Grassi shine mutumin da ya fi dacewa don kawo wannan aikin zuwa ga ƙarshe mai nasara. . Sabuwar Concordia, gami da gidan abinci, mashaya da ɗakin karatu, ta buɗe kofofinta akan Waterlooplein a cikin 1890.

A cikin 1893 kasadar Grassi ta zo ƙarshen ba zato ba tsammani. Har yanzu ana siyar da Grassi & Brothers ga tsohon abokin kasuwancinsu Edward Boneville kuma Grassi ya bar Siam bai dawo ba. Dalilin wannan tsattsauran shawarar ya kasance a yakin Franco-Siamese, wani ɗan taƙaitaccen abin da ya faru na soji a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar, inda Faransawa suka yi amfani da diflomasiyyar jirgin ruwa na bindiga don tilasta Siamese zuwa wani yanki mai nisa a gabashin Mekong. Wani bugu ga muƙamuƙi wanda Chulalongkorn ba zai manta da sauƙi ba. Faransa, ƙasar da Grassi ya karɓo, ba za a iya fahimtarsa ​​ba a kotun Siamese a wancan zamanin, kuma Grassi na iya yanke shawarar ɗaukar kuɗinsa ko kuma ya guje wa hasarar fuska ya koma Turai. Watakila wata karkatacciyar kaddara ce ta Chulacomklao Fort, wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan yakin na Franco-Siamese, Grassi ya tsara shi a cikin 1884 kuma an kammala shi kafin wannan karamin yakin ya barke.

Chulacomklao Fort

Lokacin da ya bar Bangkok, ya bar 'ya'yansa uku Félix Auguste (° 1880), Eugène César (° 1881) da Georges Raphaël (° 1884) tare da mahaifiyarsu wacce ta haifi sunan mai ban sha'awa na Lucie Nho. Sunan farko na Faransa da sunan dangin Asiya sun nuna cewa ta yiwu ta kasance macen Katolika daga abin da ake kira Indochina a lokacin, amma abin takaici ba a adana wasu takaddun da ke tabbatar da wannan labarin ba. Abin da muka sani shi ne cewa Joachim Grassi ya sake yin aure a 1897, wannan lokacin zuwa Amalia Margaritha Josepha Stölker (° 1857), 'yar'uwar tsohon abokin tarayya na Austrian a Grassi & Brothers wanda ya saya a cikin kamfani bayan Antonio ya saya a Florence da Giacommo. a 1887. ya mutu a Bangkok a 1890. Daga wannan auren za a haifi 'ya'ya biyu maza, Ugo (°1897) da Oscar (°1900).

Ginin daya tilo da na iya gano wanda Joachim Grassi ya bari bayan dawowarsa shima na musamman ne. Abin tunawa ne na jana'izar ɗan'uwansa Antonio, wanda aka ba shi wurin hutawa na ƙarshe a garinsu na Koper. An san shi a cikin gida kamar yadda yake Kabarin Indiya, kuma wa zai yi yan gari yi kuskure domin wani nau'i ne na chedi wanda ya kunshi hadaddiyar giyar addinin Buddah prang, rufin siamese, semaduwatsun iyaka da mala'iku masu kuka. Joachim Grassi da kansa ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1904 a Trieste. Shekaru biyu kafin rasuwarsa ya sake buga wani bincike'Etude sur l'irrigation du Royaume de Siam'. Da alama ya sha wahala ya bar ƙasar da ya rayu tsawon shekaru 23…