Archibald Ross Colquhoun & Chiang Mai

Archibald Ross Colquhoun - Wikipedia

Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da nake ƙauna a cikin ɗakin karatu na Asiya shine littafin'Daga cikin 'yan Shans' Archibald Ross Colquhoun. Buga na shine bugu na 1888 - Ina zargin bugu na farko - wanda ya birgima da buga jaridu a Scribner & Welford a New York kuma ya ƙunshi na Terrien de Lacouperie'Cradle na Shan Race' a matsayin gabatarwa.

Littafi ne mai ban sha'awa ta hanyoyi fiye da ɗaya. Ba wai kawai saboda yana ƙunshe da ɗaya daga cikin na farko, amintattun bayanan Turai na abin da yake a yanzu arewacin Thailand ba, amma kuma saboda ya bayyana a sarari cewa Birtaniyya, kamar kusan dukkanin manyan ƙasashen yamma, suna da fassarar geopolitical mabanbanta na lokacin. Daga nan sai Lana ta zama babbar hukuma a Bangkok. Bayan haka, an rubuta littafin ne a lokacin da Sarkin Siamese Chulalongkorn, daga wani martani na kariyar mulkin mallaka, amma kuma kawai saboda yunwar ƙasa, cikin tsari ya fara haɗa abin da ya saba ɗauka a matsayin jahohin vassal a ƙarƙashin sunan haɗin kai. , tare da ko ba tare da karfi ba, hadewar kasa mai yawan al'umma wanda shine mulkin Siam.

Ya yi haka ta hanyoyi biyu. A daya bangaren kuma, ta hanyar takaita ikon sarakunan yankin da kuma maye gurbinsu da tsare-tsare da wakilan sarauta – galibi ‘yan uwansa ko ’yan uwansa – wadanda aka bai wa kowane irin hakki da iko na musamman, sannu a hankali suka karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. A daya bangaren kuma, ta hanyar wani gagarumin garambawul na tsarin mulki da ya biyo baya wanda a zahiri ya kai matsayin ‘divide & conquer’ wanda a cikinsa aka mayar da wadannan masarautun zuwa matsayin larduna (changwat) aka raba su zuwa gundumomi (amphoe) karkashin kulawar kai tsaye. na Bangkok. Don haka littafin Ross Colquhoun littafi ne mai daraja na zamani ko na lokaci wanda ke ba da shaida ga kwanan baya cewa tarihin tarihin Thai na yau na yanzu ya gwammace yin shiru ko murɗawa da ƙawata gaskiya….

Sake bugawa Daga cikin Shan

Ross Colquhoun yana daya daga cikin mutanen da aka gina daular Burtaniya a kansu. A yau babu shakka zai kasance daidai a siyasance a sanya shi cikin duhu a matsayin ɗan mulkin mallaka, amma hakan ba zai canza gaskiyar cewa ya yi rayuwa mai ban sha'awa ba kuma ya ga kusan kowane lungu da sako na duniya. An haife shi a wani lokaci a cikin Maris 1848 a Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu Cape Colony. Ba a san da yawa game da shekarunsa na ƙuruciyarsa ba kuma abu ne na lokaci.

Mun san cewa yana da kakanni na Scotland kuma an horar da shi a matsayin injiniyan farar hula. Kimanin shekara ta 1880 ya fara balaguro cikin duniya sosai. Alal misali, ya halarci balaguron balaguro da dama, wanda ya hada da inganta taswirar Burma, Indochina, da Kudancin China, da kuma bude su da nufin inganta huldar kasuwanci da Birtaniya. Wadannan tafiye-tafiyen, galibi tafiye-tafiye masu ban sha'awa, ba a lura da su ba. Tafiyarsa daga Canton zuwa Irrawadi a Burma ya ba shi babbar lambar yabo a 1884. Medal na Zinariya na daidai da girmamawa Royal Geographical Society kan. Wannan lambar yabo da ba kasafai ba za a iya bayar da ita ne kawai bayan izinin sarauta, wanda ke nufin hakan Sarauniya Mai yiwuwa Victoria ta sami wuri mai laushi ga wannan matashin mai bincike mai tsananin gashin baki. Kuma wannan ba gaba ɗaya mara dalili ba ne. Domin a farkon 1885 Ross Colquhoun ya ba da hanya don cikakken mamaye Burma ta Biritaniya ta hanyar buga littafinsa tare da babban taken 'Burma da Burmans ko Mafi kyawun Kasuwar da ba a buɗe ba a Duniya'.  Wani littafi wanda a cikinsa ya bayar da hujjar cewa birki daya tilo a kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Burma don amfanin Indiyawa da kuma kasuwannin Birtaniyya, shi ne sarkin Burma Thibaw wanda ba shi da karfin hali kuma gaba daya.

Wannan littafin ya haifar da tashin hankali a London kuma Lord Randolph Churchill (e, mahaifin Winston), wanda shi ne Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Indiya a lokacin, ya sami wannan dalili, bayan - gaba daya - ba tare da tushe ba - jita-jita game da yuwuwar yunƙurin Faransa na haɗawa da Haka kuma al'amarin hazo wanda wani kamfani na Scotland ya shiga cikin babbar matsala tare da hukumomin Burma masu cin hanci da rashawa. Churchill mai kishi ya yi matukar farin ciki da yarda da shawarar Ross Colquhoun. Ya umarci Janar Sir Harry North Dalrymple Prendergast da ya daure Thibaw da kuma murkushe tawayen da ya biyo baya da dukkan karfinsa. Wannan labarin bai cutar da Ross Colquhoun ba, saboda a cikin bazara na 1887, watakila wani bangare saboda kwarewarsa a yankin, an nada shi a matsayin. Mataimakin kwamishinan, wanda shine babban jami'in mulkin mallaka na biyu a Burma.

Ross Colquhoun ya kasance, a wasu kalmomi, marubucin da za a yi la'akari da shi. An sake tabbatar da hakan a shekara ta 1889. A waccan shekarar ya koma kudancin Afirka inda daga Oktoba 1890 zuwa Satumba 1892, ya yi na farko. Manajan Kudancin Rhodesia ya zama jigo a cikin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. Bayan karewar wa’adinsa na mulki, buguwar tafiye-tafiye ta sake bullowa kuma ya ziyarci kasashe da dama a Gabas da Yamma, tun daga Indiyan Gabas ta Gabas zuwa Philippines da Japan zuwa Siberiya, ballantana Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. Tafiya mafi girma ta ƙarshe ta faru a cikin 1913 lokacin da aka ba shi izini Cibiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Kudancin Amirka, ya ci gaba da nazarin aikin gina mashigar ruwa ta Panama. Lokacin da ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1914, ya bar littattafan balaguro guda 12 - wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna da daɗi - da kuma labarai da dama. Mafi kyawun sa'China a Canje-canje' sani ba kasa da 38 sake bugawa. Kwanaki na ƙarshe daga 2010.

Ita ma matar da mijinta ya rasu Ethel Maud Cookson ta sake yin aure kuma ta koma Kudancin Rhodesia inda aka zabe ta ‘yar majalisa jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na daya: mace ta farko da ta taba zama ‘yar majalisa a kasashen ketare na daular Burtaniya…

Ross Colquhoun, kamar yadda na riga na nuna, yana ɗaya daga cikin turawa na farko da suka yi rubutu game da Chiang Mai. Ya fara zuwa Siam ne a shekarar 1879 a lokacin yana sakataren tawagar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta aika a shekarar 1879 zuwa yankin Siam da lardin Shan da nufin zurfafa huldar diflomasiyya da fadada huldar jakadanci. Bayan haka, Birtaniyya sun firgita game da yuwuwar fadada tasirin tasirin Faransa a cikin yanki mai fa'ida kuma suna son hana hakan ta kowane hali. Wani abin ban mamaki shine cewa Ross Colquhoun ba jami'in diflomasiyya ba ne a lokacin, amma a matsayinsa na injiniya yana cikin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Indiya. Mun san cewa Sarkin Siamese Chulalongkorn ya karɓe shi aƙalla sau ɗaya a Bangkok a cikin 1879, wanda ke ƙoƙarin zama abokantaka na gaske da Burtaniya a lokacin. A bayyane yake Chulalongkorn ya damu sosai game da kiyaye Birtaniyya akan sharuɗɗan abokantaka. Wannan ya tabbata, alal misali, ba wai kawai ya sauƙaƙe hanyar daga Ross Colquhoun zuwa Chiang Mai ba ta hanyar samar da giwaye, masu iyo da masu dako, amma kuma, abin mamakin matafiya na Burtaniya, nan da nan ya gina gida a Chaing Mai. salo na maraba da su can ta hanyar da ta dace. A cikin wannan gidan, Baturen da ya yi mamaki ba kawai wani babban jami'in Siamese wanda ya zauna a London da Paris ba, har ma da wani zaɓi na gwangwani na abinci na Turai, giya da sigari….

Archibald Ross Colquhoun

Littafinsa'Daga cikin 'yan Shans' ya buga a 1885 tare da bayyanannun manufar tabbatarwa da kuma halatta iƙirarin Birtaniyya na yin amfani da teak a arewacin Siam. Bayan haka, manyan kamfanoni na Biritaniya ba wai kawai suna sha'awar sare itatuwan teak na Burma ba, har ma da abin da ake kira jihohin Shan da Lana. Ross Colquhoun bai ɓoye wannan ba lokacin da ya rubuta:Gandun daji na teak, da na Upper Burmah, suna gaji da sauri, kuma yawancin gandun daji namu yanzu suna aiki na Siam. Idan an buɗe ƙasar ta hanyar layin dogo, manyan dazuzzukan da ke tsakanin layi na sha bakwai zuwa ashirin da biyu na latitude ( Masarautar Chiang Mai ) za su kasance cikin sauƙi kuma su zama tushen wadata mai mahimmanci. '

Masana'antu da gandun daji a cikin nau'ikan gandun daji kuma musamman teak a lokacin, kamar yadda na dala bilimita ya yi kokarin bunkasa na dogon lokaci. Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin wannan mahallin ne Ross Colquhoun, wanda shi ne, bayan haka, injiniya, ya tsara shirye-shiryen farko na hanyar jirgin kasa na Thai-Burmese. Aikin da ba a jima ba ya tabbata saboda wahalhalun da ke tattare da mugun yanayi.

Yana magana da ikon rubutun Ross Colquhoun cewa "Daga cikin 'yan Shans'  wani lokacin yana karantawa kamar littafin kasada mai ban sha'awa fiye da busasshiyar rahoton ilimi. Babu shakka marubucin ya bai wa mutanen zamaninsa haske mai ban sha'awa game da tsattsauran ra'ayi da keɓancewa na jihohin Shan da Chiang Mai. Duniya mai cike da giwayen daji, bakon firistoci na Brahmin, manyan mafarautan wasa da mishan na Amurka da babu makawa. Amma ko shakka babu ya makance da ainihin manufar manufarsa, wato kimanta yiwuwar karin darajar wannan yanki ga daular Burtaniya.

A cikin babi kamar'Muhimmancin ZimmeYa jaddada, alal misali, mahimmancin tattalin arziki da wurin dabarun Chiang Mai. Zimmé shine tsohon sunan Burma na Chiang Mai, wanda Burmese ya mamaye sama da ƙarni biyu, daga 1556 zuwa 1775 don zama daidai. A cikin littafinsa ya zana hoto mai kyau na Chiang Mai, amma na iyakance kaina ga gabatarwar: 'Garin Zimmé, Kiang Mai, Tsching Mai, yana gefen dama na kogin Meping, a tsayin kusan ƙafa ɗari takwas sama da matakin teku. Shi ne wuri mafi girma a cikin filin Meping. Akwai filayen tsakanin kogin, wanda ke gefensa na gabas, da garin; wanda aka ce an gina shi a shekara ta 1294 miladiyya

Akwai abin da ake kira birni na ciki da na waje, kowanne an kewaye shi da kagara. Garin da ke ciki, inda sarki ke zaune, yanki ne mai murabba'i mai ƙafa dubu shida (1800m) daga arewa zuwa kudu da ƙafa dubu huɗu da ɗari takwas (1500m) daga gabas zuwa yamma. Kowane bango yana da wata ƙofa a tsakiyar, sai dai a gefen kudu, inda akwai biyu, wanda aka ajiye tadi ɗari biyar daga sasanninta. Ana kare ƙofofin tare da ƙaramin tushe a gefe. An rufe bangon da wani tudu mai faɗin ƙafa hamsin. Zurfin tudun, asalin ƙafa goma sha biyar, da wuya a yanzu ya wuce ƙafa shida ko bakwai. Ganuwar suna cikin rugujewa cikin sauri saboda ci gaba da sakaci, kuma za a ga manyan sassa a kwance an binne su da rabi, yayin da kuma a nan ne aka yi ƙoƙarin daidaita tsarin da ke saurin rugujewa. Ko da yake a wani lokaci, ba shakka, wuri ne mai ban mamaki ga sojojin da ba su da horo na Burma da Siamese, ba zai ba da juriya ga manyan bindigogi na Turai na yau ba.

Garin yana da gidaje kusan ɗari tara a cikin katangar ciki, amma akwai da yawa fiye da adadin a ɓangaren garin da ke kewaye da katangar waje da kuma abin da za a iya kiran ƙauye, waɗanda aka gina a gefen kogin Meping. . '

Ross Colquhoun ya yi kuskure daki-daki lokacin da ya rubuta cewa an gina babban birnin Chiang Mai akan tsari mai kusurwa. A zahiri kusan murabba'i ne…. Ga sauran littafinsa mai ban sha'awa, Ina so in nuna muku nau'ikan nau'ikan digitized iri-iri da ake iya samu akan intanet. Kamar mahaɗin da ke ƙasa misali

catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000860022

'Daga cikin 'yan Shans' An sake buga shi sau 1885 tun lokacin da aka fara bugawa a cikin 27 kuma bugu na ƙarshe ya bayyana a cikin 2013.