Mubvunzo wemuverengi: Mamiriro akaita sei pakubviswa kwemutero wepayroll neZVW kubva mupenjeni yangu?
Vadiwa vaverengi,
Pane saiti ndakawana yakawanda inonakidza ruzivo nezve kutamira kuThailand. Yakanyanya kudzidzisa uye inobatsira. Ruzivo rwekubviswa kwemudyandigere kana uchigara muThailand harisati ranyatsojeka / kundivhiringa.
Ndiri kuda kuenda kuThailand nekukurumidza sezvinobvira ndogara ikoko. Ndichangobva kutora 'early retirement'. Izvi zvinoreva kudzima kubva kuNetherlands (zviri nyore kuita izvi muna 2021). Izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti handikwanise kuchengeta inishuwarenzi yangu yehutano.
Kunyangwe zvisati zvajeka kuti ndeapi mavhiza anogona kupihwa nekufamba kwenguva, ndinofungidzira kuti angave ari 'asiri mutorwa O'. Ndinosangana nezera rose uye zvinodiwa nemari. Ndicharenda imba ikoko, nezvimwewo. Ndichange ndaita penjeni yangu yakazara kuThailand kana ndava neakaundi yekubhangi yeThai.
• Izvi zvinorevei pakubviswa kwemubhadharo wangu wepenjeni?
• Mhando yevhiza ine basa here? Handifungire, asi ndinoda kunzwa zviitiko zvevamwe vanhu.
Ndinokwanisa here kukumbira mupenjeni kuti arege kubvisa mari yemuhoro yeZVW?
• Ndingakumbira here mupi wepenjeni uyu kuti asanyime mutero wemihoro nemipiro yeinishuwarenzi yenyika? Handiti handichabhadhari mutero wepenjeni iyi?
• Ndeapi magwaro andinofanira kuendesa kune anopa penjeni kuti amise kubviswa uku?
Ini zvino uye/kana kuti munguva pfupi ndava nepenjeni nhatu:
- Penjeni yekambani
- Pension yeABP - Zvine basa here kuti ini (kwete 'chaiye') mushandi wehurumende ndakapinzwa basa nekanzuru pamusoro pehurumende huru? Ndave ndichishandira kwemakore akati wandei paYunivhesiti yeAmsterdam uye makore mashoma paSVB (muIT, uye ini handina kunzwisisa kweAOW……)
- AOW (mune ramangwana)
Ndinoda kunzwa zviitiko zvenyu!
Kwazisai,
John
John, kana iwe ukatama kubva kuNetherlands uye wotanga kugara kana kugara muThailand, chisungo cheinishuwarenzi yenyika chinomira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapachabhadharwi maprimiyamu, asiwo hapana kuwedzera kweAOW mumakore ekuThailand, hapana kodzero dzehama dzakasara dzeANW, hapasisina kodzero dzeWLZ uye pamwe nguva yekumirira kana uchidzokera kuNetherlands. Hapana mvumo kuWLZ isingaenzaniswi neHealthcare Insurance Act uye saka hauna inishuwarenzi kana kuti unofanirwa kutsvaga chimwe chinhu nenguva yakanaka.
Iye zvino penjeni. Ndinogona kukupa zano kuti uverenge chibvumirano chekudzivirira mutero wakapetwa kaviri, waunogona kuwana patwetten.nl. Zvisungo 18 ne19.
Pension yebasa, kunze kwemudyandigere wenyika, inopihwa TH pasi pechibvumirano.
Penjeni yehurumende yakagoverwa kuNL pasi pechibvumirano. Ndokumbira utarise: ABP inobhadhara penjeni yehurumende neyekambani, asi ndinofunga unoziva kuti penjeni yako inokodzera sei.
AOW inobhadhariswa mutero munyika mbiri idzi.
Kana iwe uchida kuregererwa pamutero wemuhoro uye mipiro yeinishuwarenzi yenyika, unofanirwa kubvunza zviremera zvemitero yekunze muHeerlen. Vashandirwi vanosarudza kuve padivi rakachengeteka vasati vamira kunyima. Kana iwe ukadzima kubva kuNL, vakuru vemitero vanongogamuchira meseji, saka iwe unozivikanwa ipapo. Kumbira fomu online uye rizadze.
Kuregererwa uku kwave kuri musoro wenyaya mune ino blog kwemakore nekuti zviremera zvemitero zvanga zvichikumbira zvinopfuura izvo zvavanofanira kuwana kwemakore 4. Ndinogona kukuraira kuti uverenge bhurogu iyi pachinhu ichi (basa rekutsvaga riri kumusoro kuruboshwe) uye uverenge kunyanya zvinyorwa naLammert de Haan, chipangamazano chemitero.
AOW chimwe chinhu chenguva yemberi, iwe unoti. Kana iwe uchizofanira kuendesa izvo kubva pamwedzi kuenda kumwedzi kana mushure mekupera kwegore zvinoramba zvichionekwa panguva iyoyo nekuti panogona kunge paine chibvumirano chitsva chemutero.
John, kunyorera kuregererwa ichidimbu chekeke kana ukatevera maitiro akakodzera. Humbowo kubva kumatare emitero eThai kuti uri pasi pemutero pano, fomu ro 22 uye chirevo chekuti unogara pano zvakakwana.
Chikumbiro changu chakabvumidzwa mukati memwedzi ye2 mushure mekunyorera, saka hazvina kuoma kudaro. Kuita Lammert de Haan kunokuchengetedza mimwe misoro.
kuregererwa kunoshandawo kune AOW?
hi han, ndingamuwanepi baba lammert de haan, ndakaenda kumahofisi emitero matatu asi hapana kwaanokwanisa kundibatsira, kana kubhadhara 3 baht kutanga ndozobhadhariswa mutero kuthailand iyi yanga iri nyaya yangu. gr theo.
Hi Theo,
Ona mhinduro yangu kumibvunzo yaJohn.
Ini ndinonzwisisa kuti uri kuita dambudziko rekuisa chiziviso chePIT. Munzvimbo iyoyo hapana chitsva pasi pezuva (Thai). Kana uchida, ndichagadzirira mutero wako wekudzoka (fomu PND91).
Kwazisai,
Lammert de Haan.
Healthcare Inishuwarenzi Act: shorturl.at/bhGP8
Iyo 5,45-6,7% yemari yako yese iri kuwedzera kune yakabhadharwa zvakananga inishuwarenzi yehutano premium yeinoda € 110 x 12 mwedzi + € 385 max inobviswa. Imwe yese, inosvika pamadhora zviuru zvishanu nemazana masere pp/gore, inobhadharwa kubva muGreat Communal Pot, inozivikanwawo seNational Treasury. Saka kana ukafunga kusiya NL, uchafanirwa kuronga inishuwarenzi yehutano iwe pachako, chimwe chinhu chisingaite nyore nekuwedzera zera uye chinova chinokatyamadza nevakuru chaizvo + vanotsamira muThailand. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekuti ndirambe ndiri muNLe health insurance zvakadaro.
Kunze kwezvipimo zvese zvemutemo zvinogona kuwanikwa pane ino saiti, mamiriro ako ega akakosha kwandiri.
Semuenzaniso, kunyangwe mutemo, handina kubudirira kuendesa mutero wemudyandigere wenyika yangu kuThailand. The Tax and Customs Administration inongotaura kuti vane kodzero yekuita sarudzo iyoyo, uye muto hauna kukodzera makabheji kwandiri.
Ndinofungawo kuti zvakakosha kutarisa mamiriro ako ega: une mari yaunochengeta here, kana kuti unoda penjeni yako mwedzi wega wega. Mutemo weThai Tax Act unoti kana ukasaunza mari yako kuThailand mugore raunowana, asi semuenzaniso gore rinotevera, hauna chikwereti chemutero. Saka kana iwe uchikwanisa kupihwa penjeni yako (yaunogona kuwana kusabhadhara mutero) inobhadharwa muNL, iyo purofiti.
Nekune rimwe divi, kana usingakwanise kuendesa fomu RO-22 kuVateresi Vemitero, hauzopihwe kuregererwa… zvakandidyira zvirambidzo zvisingaverengeki uye hafu yegore yetsamba nekudzoka. Uye kuti uwane RO-22 kubva kuhofisi yako yemutero yepurovhinzi unofanirwa kuratidza zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha:
- kuti iwe unobhadhara mutero muThailand
- kuti ugare muThailand kwemazuva anopfuura zana nemakumi masere.
Iwe une mari here, uye iwe unogona kuisa izvi muzvisungo pano, semuenzaniso, nekudzoka kwe, semuenzaniso, 5%, ipapo unobhadhara mutero pane yako dividend, uye iwe unowana iyo RO-22 pasina kutamisa mari yako.
Mushure mekuenda kune dzimwe nyika, mutero wemutero unoramba uri wepenjeni yehurumende (semuAOW-ABP), yepenjeni yega yega kuregererwa kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekunyorera kuregererwa pamutero wekubhadhara.
Uchapupu huchangobva kuitika hwekugara mutero hunofanira kuiswa kune chikumbiro, mushure mokunge kuregererwa kunogona kupiwa. Nekuti vanhu havachisiri inishuwarenzi muNetherlands, hapasisina chero mipiro yeinishuwarenzi yenyika inofanirwa uye saka hapana mapremium eZVW zvakare. Kana maprimiyamu akanyimwa nemasangano anobatsirikana mushure mekutama, izvi zvinogona kutorwa kubva kuVatongi Vemitero.
Mhoro Marty Duyts,
Ini ndinokupa zano kuti usangotarisa kune iyo AOW bhenefiti kana ABP penjeni semuenzaniso wepenjeni yehurumende. Izvi zvinogara zvichimutsa kusanzwisisana pakati pevaverengi veThailand Blog.
Pakare, mubairo weAOW hausi mudyandigere uri mukati mezvinorehwa nePension Act uye haunawo kuvharwa neChinyorwa 18 ne19 cheChibvumirano cheDouble Taxation chakapedzwa pakati peNetherlands neThailand. Kutaura zvazviri, Chibvumirano hachitauri nezvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kusanganisira rubatsiro rweAOW, uye naizvozvo inotererwa muNetherlands uye, mumutemo, muThailand (chero bedzi inobhadharwa imomo mugore rekunakidzwa kwayo).
Rubatsiro rweAOW haruna kufambiswa mutero kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kweprimiyamu uye nekudaro rwunosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pamubhadharo wepenjeni. Kungogara muNetherlands uye kunyangwe usina mari uye nekudaro uchibhadhara maprimiyamu, unototora kodzero dzepenjeni yenyika.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mudyandigere weABP haunawo kuwanikwa mukati menzvimbo yehurumende, asi mukati mehukama hwevashandi vega-mutemo. Pamusoro pezvo, unogona kunge uri kubata neinodaidzwa kuti penjeni yakasanganiswa, kureva kuti inowaniswa chikamu muchigaro chehurumende uye chikamu mukati mehukama hwevashandi vega.
In yangu consultancy tsika ndinosangana kakawanda kuti kunyange mutero magweta, pavanoona mabhii "ABP", vanofungidzira kuti zvine chokuita mudyandigere pasi mutemo voruzhinji uye saka chete mutero muNetherlands (art. 19 of Treaty). Asi kazhinji vanopotsa chiratidzo chose chose.
Ndosaka ndichikumbira kungwarira.
Hi John,
Saka iwe urikuda kutamira kuThailand. Vazhinji vakatokutangirai. Chikamu chikuru chavo hachina kugadzirira zvinhu zvakanaka, asi izvo zvinoita kunge zvakasiyana newe. Unoda kuve neruzivo rwakanaka pachine nguva mune zvemari / zvemari mhedzisiro yekutama kwakadai uye izvo zvinoita kunge zvine musoro kwandiri.
Saka ndichatanga kupindura mibvunzo yako ipapo.
Ndakaverenga kuti iwe unogamuchira penjeni yekambani uye penjeni kubva kuABP. Nezve izvo zvekupedzisira, iwe unoratidza uye ini ndinogona zvakare kutora kubva kune vashandirwi vawakatsanangura kuti hauna kunakidzwa nechimiro chemushandi wehurumende mukati mezvinoreva Civil Servants Act.
Vashandirwi vako vaive vakabatana neABP sevanoti B-3 masangano. Izvi zvinowanzoitika mumasangano akazvimirira edzidzo uye ehutano uye mumatunhu ehurumende akadai seSVB. Kubva muna Ndira 1, 2020, vashandi veSVB, sezvineiwo, vakawana chinzvimbo chevashandi vehurumende mukati mezvinorehwa neCivil Servants Act nekuda kwekubviswa kwemasangano eB-3.
Penjeni yako yebasa nepenjeni yako yeABP inogona kutorwa semudyandigere pasi pemutemo wakazvimirira uye, zvichiteerana neChisungo 18, ndima 1, yeChibvumirano chekudzivisa mutero wakapetwa kaviri wakapedzwa pakati peNetherlands neThailand, zvinongobhadhariswa mutero muThailand.
Mushure mekutama, iyo ABP inongobvisa mutero wekubhadhara. Mipiro yeinishuwarenzi yenyika uye mari inoenderana nemari yeHealth Insurance Act ichadzimwa nekuti hauchapinda mukati medenderedzwa revanhu vanomanikidzwa vane inishuwarenzi yemitemo iyi.
Kuti udzivise kurasikirwa kweAOW ye2% pagore yaunogara kunze kweNetherlands, unogona kutora inishuwarenzi yekuzvidira neSVB.
Vazhinji vanopa penjeni vanoita zvakafanana neABP. Zvisinei, kana penjeni yekambani yako yakaiswa neinishuwarenzi yakadai seAEGON kana Nationale-Nederlanden, unofanira kuyeuka kuti, pamusoro pemutero wemuhoro, mapremium nemipiro yakataurwa ichadziviswawo. Aya masangano anotambura nekushaikwa kunotyisa kweruzivo rwemutemo. Iwe unogona ipapo kusimbisa kubviswa kwekubviswa kwezvisina chikonzero nenzira yechiziviso chekupokana, kuendeswa kuMutero uye Customs Administration / Hofisi Kunze kwenyika.
Mutero wekubhadhara inyaya yakasiyana. Kunyangwe izvi zvichibvumidzwa zviri pamutemo, tichitarisa mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro pakupera kwemakore makumi mapfumbamwe ezana ramakore rapfuura uye memorandamu inotsanangura inoperekedza bhiri iro rakakonzera kubviswa kwemutemo wemutero wemitero, vazhinji vanopa penjeni vanoda so. -inonzi Chirevo cheKuregererwa, chichapihwa neTax and Customs Administration. Nekudaro, sevhisi iyi inongoburitsa chirevo chakadaro mushure mekunge wakwanisa kuendesa inodaidzwa kuti mutero chirevo chenyika yaunogara, kuti ipihwe neThai Revenue Hofisi yako (fomu RO22). Nekuda kweizvi iwe unofanirwa kutanga waisa chiziviso muThailand kune Yega Yemari Mutero.
Pasinei nenyaya yekuti ndakaunza nyaya mbiri kumagumo akabudirira gore rino kuDare reDunhu reZeeland - West Brabant, Breda nzvimbo, uye umo ndakaratidza nehumwe uchapupu kunze kwechirevo chemhosva yemitero yenyika yekugara kuti vatengi vakakodzera vaiva. vagari vemutero veThailand, Tax and Customs Administration/Hofisi Kune dzimwe nyika vanoomerera kune zvinodiwa kuti vakwanise kuendesa chirevo chakataurwa.
Sezvineiwo, iwe unozodzoserwa mutero wakavharirwa zvisirizvo uye chero mipiro yenyika inishuwarenzi pakudzoka kwemutero (uyezve pasina kuratidza kuti uri mutero mugari weThailand!). Iwe zvakare unozogamuchira kudzoserwa kwechero mari yakadzivirirwa zvisizvo ine chekuita nezvehutano inishuwarenzi yemupiro pakukumbira uye kuendeswa kuMutero uye Customs Administration/Utrecht hofisi.
Izvi zvakasiyana maererano nekubatsira kwako kweAOW kugashirwa nekufamba kwenguva.
Sezvo Chibvumirano chakapedzwa neThailand chisina chero chinongedzo chine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, nepo chinonzi chisimbiso chisipo zvakare, mutemo wenyika unoshanda kune iyi bhenefiti. Izvi zvinoshanda kune ese Netherlands neThailand.
Iyo Netherlands inobhadhara yako AOW bhenefiti senzvimbo yekubva uye Thailand inogona zvakare mutero uyu bhenefiti senzvimbo yekugara.
Iwe unonyora kuti iwe uchaita kuti mari yako yese yepenjeni (yemwedzi) iendeswe kuThailand nekufamba kwenguva. Nekudaro, kana uine muridzi wemba muNetherlands yaunogona kutengesa nemari yakawandisa kana kana uine zviwanikwa zvakakwana, ipapo ini ndingafunga nezvazvo. Izvi zvinoshanda zvakanyanya kana yako AOW bhenefiti yatanga.
Thailand inoteresa mari yevagari vekunze inowanikwa mhiri kwemuganhu chete sezvo mari iyi inounzwa muThailand mugore rainonakidzwa. Mhando yevhiza haina kuita chero basa mune izvi. Iwe unongofanirwa kugara kana kugara muThailand kwemazuva zana nemakumi masere maererano nemutemo wemutero weThai kana mazuva zana nemakumi masere nematatu maererano neChibvumirano. Iyi ndiyo inonzi remittance base determination.
Ndinogara ndichiverenga mhedzisiro yemutero yekutama kwakadaro kune vanhu vanoda kutamira kune chero nyika. Kana uchida kushandisa izvi, ndapota ndibate neni kuburikidza ne-e-mail address: [email inodzivirirwa].
Iwe unozogamuchira kuverengwa kwemutero weDutch mutero uye premium marevhisi pamberi uye mushure mekutama uye yeThai Personal Income Tax.
Rombo rakanaka nehurongwa hwako.
Mhoroi John,
Ndanga ndichigara muThailand kubvira 2009, asi ndatova nevhiza remudyandigere muna Gumiguru 2008 kwegore rimwe, izvo zvinoda rwendo kuenda kuhofisi yeImigration mudunhu rakakodzera kana dunhu mwedzi mitatu yega yega yekusimbisa kero yekugara. Pakutanga zvakanga zvisina kujeka maererano nemitero yeDutch, zvose maererano nepenjeni yebasa uye, munyaya yangu, kubva ku2012, AOW.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, ndakaziviswa nezve nhungamiro dzakaringana mukubata zvakananga kuburikidza neemail uye runhare nemumwe wevaongorori veMutero uye Customs Administration Abroad. Iyo AOW inotererwa muNetherlands, hongu pasina mipiro yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, saka zvakare pasina ZVW. MuThailand iwe unofanirwa kuronga inishuwarenzi yehutano iwe pachako. Chiziviso chekutamira kune CAK muNetherlands chinokurudzirwa.
Yese Kambani Pensions yakagoverwa kuThailand zvinoenderana nechibvumirano chiripo neNetherlands.
Nekufamba kwenguva, vakuru vemitero vanotarisira kuti humbowo hwemutero muThailand hunogona kuendeswa. Saka iwe uchafanirwa kuonana nevakuru vemitero yeThai iwe pachako.
Sezvineiwo, zita rangu rekutanga rakafanana.
Kwazisai,
John.
Wadiwa John,
Itariro yakanaka zvakadini!
Wakafungawo here kuipa kwekutama, kusanganisira:
* chero iwe usati wasvika zera remudyandigere wehurumende, unorasikirwa ne2% pagore mumutengo wakaderera, unogona kubhadharira izvi nevoluntary state pension premium [pamari yepenjeni yemuhoro iyi i2400 euros pagore]
* nekuda kwemitemo yese yakaomesesa yakatenderedza mabhanga, zvinowedzerwa kuoma gore rega rega kune vasiri veNL vagari kuchengetedza Dutch bank account. Mushure mezvose, haudi kuchengetedza mari yako yese muThailand, nekuti mushure mezvose uchagara uri muenzi muThailand.
* yakambotaurwa, inishuwarenzi yehutano muThailand inowedzera kuoma uye inodhura sezvaunokura
Izvi zvinotevera ndezvekuzvidira supplementary AOW inishuwarenzi. Ndakachekwa 8% papensheni yangu yehurumende uye ndaifanira kubhadhara Euro 4 kwemakore 2.400 (yakazara Euro 9.600). Kuverenga kwakapusa kwakandiratidza panguva iyo yekutyora-nyangwe poindi yaive pedyo nezera 76. Naizvozvo kwakasarudzwa kusabhadhara mupiro wokuzvidira uye kugamuchira mudyandigere wenyika yakaderera. Ehe, iyo yekutyora-nyangwe poindi inogona kuve yakasiyana kune wese munhu, kunyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwezera remudyandigere wenyika. Saka verengera kuti kubhadhara kwekuzvidira AOW premium kune pundutso kana kwete.
Rumwe ruzivo rwekuwedzera:
iyo premium ine chekuita nemari:
Minimum 529 kana usina mari (asi uchikwanisa kuratidza zvaunogara pairi) uye huwandu hwe5294 (muhoro kubva pa34.712).
Mari chete ndiyo inotariswa, kwete kukura kwechero midziyo.
Munyaya yeakaundi yebhangi, zvino zvinobatsira kushanda neTransferwise, iyo inogona kuonekwa muEU uye inogona kushandiswa sebhangi, inoshanda nokukurumidza uye isingadhuri kudarika mabhangi eDutch uye iwe unogamuchirawo kadhi rechikwereti pakarepo. .
Kwazisai Harry
Moderator: Takatumira mubvunzo wako semubvunzo wemuverengi.
Izvo zvichakurumidza kuita kuti unzwe dzungu, ese iwo mapenjeni nemitero uye zvakabviswa, asi ini ndichiri kuda kubvunza mubvunzo wakapfava wandisingakwanise kuwana mhinduro kwandiri:
Ndinorarama chete nepenjeni yehurumende.
Ndakabvisa register kubva kuNetherlands uye ndanga ndichigara muThailand kwemakore.
Mari dzangu parizvino:
AOW: 1245,04
Mari yekutsigira AOW: 25,63
Zvose zvakasara: 1270
Mutero wekubhadhara - 123,08
Ini ndinogamuchira mambure: 1147,59
Mubvunzo wangu: pane chimwe chinhu chandingaita here kubvisa mutero wekubhadhara kana kuti ndichafanira kuita izvi?
Paul, kana uchigara muTH, AOW inobhadharwa muNL. Asi TH inobvumidzwawo kubhadharisa, kunyangwe mambure ako AOW angasapfuure zvese zvisingabhadharwe uye zero-% bracket.
Wadiwa John,
Kana iwe uchigara muThailand zvechokwadi, kunyangwe iri pamvumo yekugara kwenguva pfupi inovandudzwa gore rega, saka penjeni yekambani yako yakagoverwa kuThailand zvachose nekuda kwemutero. Ini nguva pfupi yadarika ndakahwina nzira yemutero umo marudzi ese ezvirevo nevakuru vemitero kuti vaone kuti kunyangwe penjeni yehurumende haifanirwe kubhadhariswa mutero muNetherlands yakakandwa kunze. Vakuru vemitero havasi kukwidza nyaya yacho. Vakuru vemitero vakatoronga magwaro emitero uye ongororo maererano nemutongo wedare. Mumiriri wemutero akaudzwawo nevakuru vemitero kuti asabvisa mari.Mbatatisi yekare yaishandiswa nevakuru vemitero kwemakore yave kuendeswa kunyika yengano. Zvakare marudzi ese ezvinodikanwa zvine chekuita nechisungo chekuisa mutero weThai, kutumira kopi yacho, humbowo hwekuongororwa kweThai uye kubhadhara kwayo zvinongori zvinhu zvishoma zvakarambwa. Nekuti unogara muThailand, hauna inishuwarenzi muNetherlands. AOW yakagoverwa kuNetherlands. Tsananguro yepenjeni yako yeABP yakatopihwa.
Unogona kubvunza vakuru vemitero yeDutch kuti vasabviswe pamutero wemuhoro wepenjeni iyoyo yebasa.
iwe unozogamuchira fomu iro muongorori weThai anofanira kuzadza maererano nenzvimbo yako yekugara.
Waita rombo rakanaka Theo
Ndinokutendai mose zvikuru nokuda kwemhinduro.
Mibvunzo mizhinji ikozvino yapindurwa uye inopa kutsigirwa kwesarudzo yangu.
Sarudzo yakanga yatoitwa. Izvozvi zvave zvakawanda nezve 'rational substantiation'.
Ini ndichabvunza iyo yakanyanya kuvanzika mibvunzo ine e-mail.
Ndichadzoka kana paine nyaya dzemutero!