Gender hukama muSoutheast Asia munguva dzakapfuura

Zvakawanda zvakanyorwa nezvehukama hwemurume nemukadzi muSoutheast Asia, kusanganisira Tairendi. Tinogona kudzidza chimwe chinhu kubva munguva yakapfuura here? Zvakanga zvakaita sei makore 300-500 apfuura? Uye tichaona chimwe chinhu cheizvozvo zvakare ikozvino? Kana kuti kwete?

Nhanganyaya

PaThailandblog panowanzo kurukurirano yakatsva nezvehukama pakati pevarume nevakadzi muThailand, ingave ine chekuita nehukama hweThai-Thai kana Farang-Thai. Maonero dzimwe nguva anosiyana zvakanyanya, kunyanya pamusoro pemubvunzo kuti hukama uhwu hunotemerwa netsika zvakadii, mukuwedzera kune pesvedzero yemunhu. Kana tikakwanisa kufungidzira kuti tsika dzechinyakare dzinogara dziripo kwemazana emakore, zvichida tinogona kudzidza chimwe chinhu pamusoro peizvi kana tikadzokera shure munguva, kunyanya kunguva isati yatanga kuumbwa kweAsia, kubva munenge muna 1450-1680.

Kuti izvi zviitike, ndakashandura zvitsauko zviviri zvine musoro unoti 'Sexual Relations' uye 'Marriage' kubva mubhuku raAnthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 (1988). Ndinosiya zvinyorwa zvishoma, mumabhuraketi munhu akanyora nezvazvo uye/kana gore riri kutaurwa.

'Kana murume aine vanasikana vakawanda, anotowedzerawo kupfuma'

Hukama pakati pevarume vakaratidza muenzaniso wakanyatsosiyanisa Southeast Asia kubva kunyika dzakapoteredza, kunyanya muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu neregumi nemanomwe. Pesvedzero yeIslam, Chikristu, Buddhism neConfucianism haina kukwanisa kuchinja zvakanyanya mukuzvimiririra uye kuzvipira kwehupfumi kwevakadzi. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura kuti nei kukosha kwevanasikana hakuna kumbobvunzurudzwa, sekuChina, India neMiddle East, pane zvinopesana, 'kana vanasikana vakawanda vane murume, iye akapfuma' (Galvao, 1544).

MuSoutheast Asia yose, roora rinobva kumurume richienda kudivi remukadzi pakuroorana. Mamishinari ekutanga echiKristu akashora tsika iyi se "kutenga mukadzi" (Chirino, 1604), asi chero zvakadaro inoratidza zvakajeka kuti mukadzi aikosha sei. Mari yeroora yakaramba iri pfuma yemukadzi chete.

Kusiyana netsika dzechiChinese, vaviri ava vachangobva kuroorana vaiwanzotamira kumusha wemudzimai wacho. Ndiwo waive mutemo muThailand, Burma neMalaysia (La Loubère, 1601). Midziyo yaive yevaviri ava, yaitarisirwa pamwe chete uye vanasikana nevanakomana vakagarwa nhaka zvakaenzana.

Vakadzi vaiita basa guru mukupfimbana uye kunyengerera

Kusununguka kwevakadzi kwakasvikawo kuhukama hwepabonde. Mabhuku eSoutheast Asia anosiya pasina mubvunzo kuti vakadzi vaiitawo basa rokupfimbana uye kunyengerera, vachishuva kugutsikana mune zvepabonde uye mupfungwa sezvavaipa. Muzvinyorwa zvekare zveJava neMalaysia, kukwezva kwevarume vakaita saHang Tuah kwakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya. "Apo Hang Tuah akapfuura, vakadzi vaisiya kumbundira kwevarume vavo kuti vamuone." (Rassers 1922)

Hunhu hwakaenzana hwaive rhymes nenziyo dzepasi, 'patun' muchiMalay uye 'lam' mumitauro yeThai, apo murume nemukadzi vari munhaurirano vakaedza kukunda mumwe nemumwe mukuseka uye nekutaura kwakashata.

Chou Ta-kuan (1297) anotaura zvakaitwa nevakadzi vechiCambodia apo varume vavo vakanga vachifamba: “Ini handisi chipoko, munhu angatarisira sei kuti ndirare ndiri ndoga?” Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mutemo wakanga uri wokuti roorano inongoguma kana murume. akagara kwenguva yakareba (mwedzi mitanhatu kusvika pagore).

Mhete yemabhora akatenderedza urume

Chisimbiso chakajeka chechimiro chakasimba chevakadzi kupindira kunorwadza panhengo dzavo dzakaitwa nevarume kuti vawedzere kunakidzwa kwevakadzi vavo. Imwe yemishumo yekutanga pane izvi yakabva kuChinese Muslim Ma Huan akanyora zvinotevera muna 1422 nezve chiitiko muSiam:

'Vasati vasvitsa makore makumi maviri, varume vanovhiyiwa apo ganda riri pasi penhengo yesikarudzi rinovhurwa nebanga nebead, bhora diki, rinopinzwa pese pese kusvikira mhete yagadzirwa panhengo yesikarudzi. Mambo nevamwe vapfumi vanotora mabhero egoridhe asina mhango nokuda kwechinangwa ichi, umo dzimwe tsanga dzejecha dzinoiswa, dzinorira zvinofadza uye dzinonzi dzakanaka...'.

Pigafetta (1523) akashamiswa nazvo zvokuti akakumbira chiverengero chakati chavarume, vaduku navakuru, kuti varatidze nhengo dzavo dzesikarudzi. Mumwe muDutch Admiral Van Neck (1609) paakabvunza vamwe vapfumi vekuThai vekuPattani kuti chinangwa chemabhero egoridhe aya chaiva chei, akaudzwa kuti 'vakadzi vacho vanowana mufaro usingatsananguriki kubva kwavari'.

Vakadzi vaiwanzoramba kuroorwa nomurume asina kuvhiyiwa. Iyo Kama Sutra inotaura nezvemaitiro aya uye inogona kuonekwa mune linga mutemberi yechiHindu pakati peJava (pakati pezana remakore rechi15). Pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe iyi tsika yakapera mumaguta makuru ezvokutengeserana ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa yeSoutheast Asia.

Muchato; kuroora mumwe chete ndiko kwanyanya, kurambana kuri nyore

Muitiro wewanano wakanyanya waiva wekuroora mumwe chete nepo kurambana kwaive kuri nyore kune vese vari vaviri. Chirino (1604) akati “pashure pemakore 10 ari muPhilippines, akanga asati amboona murume ane madzimai akawanda.” Pakati pevatongi pakanga pane zvinoshamisa kunze kwemutemo uyu: kwavari kuwanda kwevakadzi kwaive kwakanakira chinzvimbo chavo uye chombo chezvematongerwo enyika.

Kuva nomudzimai mumwe kwakasimbiswa muruzhinji rwechiverengero chavagari vapasi nemhaka yokuti chatanuro yakanga iri nyore zvikuru, chatanuro yaisarudzwa kupedza kugarisana kusingagutsi. MuPhilippine, “wanano yakagara chero bedzi paine kuwirirana, vakarambana nokuda kwechikonzero chiduku” (Chirino, 1604). Saizvozvowo muSiam: ‘Murume nomukadzi vanoparadzana pasina dambudziko guru uye vanogovana zvinhu zvavo nevana, kana zvakakodzera zvose zviri zviviri, uye vanogona kuroorazve pasina kutya, kunyara kana kurangwa.’ ( semuenzaniso Schouten, van Vliet, 1636) MuSouth MuVietnam uye Java, vakadzi vaiwanzotora danho rekurambana. "Mukadzi, asingagutsikane nemurume wake, anogona chero nguva achida kurambana nekumubhadhara mari yakatarwa." (Raffles, 1817)

Indonesia neMalaysia: kurambana kwakawanda. Philippines neSiam: vana vakakamurwa

Munharaunda yose, mukadzi (kana kuti vabereki vake) vaichengeta roora kana murume akatungamirira mukurambana, asi mukadzi aifanira kuripa roora kana iye akanga ane mutoro mukuru nokuda kwokurambana (1590-1660). MuPhilippines uye muSiam (van Vliet, 1636) vana vakakamurwa, wekutanga akaenda kuna amai, wechipiri kuna baba, nezvimwewo.

Isu tinoonawo iyi maitiro ekugara achirambana mumatunhu makuru. Nhoroondo yakachengetwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe mudare reMakassar, uko simba nepfuma zvaifanira kuita basa guru, inoratidza kuti kurambana hakuna kurondedzerwa sei sechisarudzo chemurume ane simba ari oga.

Basa rakajairika revakadzi ndereKraeng Balla-Jawaya, akaberekwa muna 1634 mune imwe yemhuri yepamusoro yeMarkassar. Pazera ramakore gumi nematatu akaroora Karaeng Bonto-Marannu, gare gare mumwe wevatungamiriri vehondo vakakosha. Akamuramba pamakore makumi maviri nemashanu uye munguva pfupi akaroora mukwikwidzi wake, Prime Minister Karaeng Karunrung. Akamuramba pazera remakore 13, zvichida nokuti akanga adzingwa, mushure memakore maviri gare gare akaroora Arung Palakka, uyo, nerubatsiro rweDutch, akanga akabatikana kukunda nyika yake. Akarambana naye aine makore 25 uye akazofa ava nemakore 31.

'Maodzanyemba-kumabvazuva eAsia anoshushikana nebonde'

Mwero yakakwirira yechatanuro muIndonesia neMalaysia, inopfuura makumi mashanu muzana kusvikira kuma23, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi yakaparirwa neIslam, izvo zvakaita kuti kurambana kuve nyore zvikuru kumurume. Chinokosha zvikuru, kunyanguvezvo, kuzvimirira kwomunhukadzi kwakanga kuri muSoutheast Asia yose, uko kurambana kwaisagona kukuvadza nenzira yakajeka nzira yokurarama nayo, chimiro, uye ukama hwemhuri. Earl (1837) anotaura chokwadi chokuti vakadzi vemakore makumi maviri nematatu, vanogara nemurume wavo wechina kana wechishanu, vakagamuchirwa munharaunda yeJavanese zvachose kune rusununguko uye rusununguko rwehupfumi urwo vakadzi vaifarira.

Kusvika muzana ramakore rechigumi nesere, Christian Europe yaive nzanga 'yakachena', ine makore akaenzana ekuroora, nhamba yakakwana yevasina kuroora uye nhamba yakaderera yevakaberekwa kunze kwewanano. Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia munzira dzakawanda kwakanga kwakapesana chose chose nouyu muitiro, uye vacherekedzi vokuEurope panguva iyoyo vakawana vagari vayo vakabatikana zvikuru nevatano. MaPutukezi aitenda kuti vaMalay "vaida mimhanzi nerudo" (Barbosa, 1518), nepo maJavanese, Thais, Burmese, uye maFilipinos "vaida kwazvo, varume nevakadzi" (Scott, 1606).

Ikoku kwakareva kuti vatano yapamberi peroorano yairegererwa uye umhandara paroorano yakanga isingatarisirwi nomumwe wavo. Vakaroorana vaitarisirwa kuroorana pavanenge vaine pamuviri, kana zvisina kudaro kubvisa pamuviri kana kuuraya vacheche dzimwe nguva kwakasarudzwa, kunyanya kuPhilippines (Dasmarinas, 1590).

VaEurope vanoshamiswa nokuvimbika uye kuzvipira mukati mewanano

Kune rumwe rutivi, vaEurope vakashamiswa nokutendeka nokuzvipira mukati meroorano. Vakadzi vekuBanjarmasin vaive vakatendeka muwanano asi vaiita unzenza sevanhu vasina kuroora. (Beeckman, 1718). Kunyange vanyori venhoroondo dzeSpain, vasina kushamiswa nokukurumidza netsika dzepabonde dzevaPhilippines, vakabvuma kuti "varume vaibata vakadzi vavo zvakanaka uye vaivada, maererano netsika dzavo" (Legazpi, 1569). Galvao (1544) akashamiswa kuti vakadzi veMoluccan 'vanogara vachiramba vakachena uye vasina mhosva, kunyange zvazvo vachifamba-famba vakashama pakati pevarume, izvo zvinoita sezvisingabviri pakati pevanhu vane tsika dzakaipa'.

Cameron (1865) angangove akarurama mukuona kubatana pakati pekureruka kwekurambana mumaruwa ekuMalaysia uye hunyoro hunoratidzika kunge hunoratidza michato ikoko. Kuzvimirira kwevakadzi mune zveupfumi uye kukwanisa kwavo kutiza mamiriro ewanano isingavagutsi zvinomanikidza vaviri vari vaviri kuita nepavanogona napo kuchengetedza wanano yavo.

Scott (1606) akataura nezvomumwe murume wokuChina akarova mudzimai wake wokuVietnam muBanten kuti: “Izvi hazvingamboiti kumukadzi womunzvimbomo nokuti vanhu vechiJava havagoni kushivirira madzimai avo vachirohwa.”

Humhandara imhinganidzo yekupinda muwanano

Sezvineiwo, umhandara muvakadzi hwaionekwa semhinganidzo pane chinhu chakanakira kupinda muwanano. Sekureva kwaMorga (1609), maSpanish asati asvika kwaive nenyanzvi (tsika?) muPhilippine basa ravo raive rekubvisa vasikana nekuti 'umhandara hwaionekwa sechipingamupinyi kuroora'. MuPegu nedzimwe zviteshi muBurma neSiam, vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika vakakumbirwa kuti vabvise varoora-kuva- (Varthema, 1510).

KuAngkor, vapristi vakatyora hymen mumutambo unodhura senzira yekuenda kune munhu mukuru uye kuita zvepabonde (Chou Ta-kuan, 1297). Mabhuku ekuMadokero anopa kurudziro yakawanda pane tsananguro dzerudzi urwu rwekuita, kunze kwekukurudzira kuti varume vekuSoutheast Asia vanoda vakadzi vane ruzivo. Asi zvinoita sezvingabvira zvikuru kuti varume vakaona ropa pakupwanya hymen serine ngozi uye rinosvibisa, sezvazviri munzvimbo dzakawanda nhasi.

Vatorwa vanopihwa mukadzi wenguva pfupi

Uku kubatanidzwa kwevatano yapamberi peroorano nokuparadzana kuri nyore kwakavimbisa kuti mibatanidzwa yechinguvana, panzvimbo peupfambi, yakanga iri nzira huru yokugonana nayo nokudirana kwavatengesi vokune dzimwe nyika. Iyo system muPattani yakatsanangurwa naVan Neck (1604) sezvinotevera:

'Vatorwa pavanouya kunyika idzi vachiita bhizimisi vanosvikirwa nevarume, uye dzimwe nguva vakadzi nevasikana, vachibvunza kuti vanoda mukadzi here. Vakadzi vanozviratidza ivo uye murume anogona kusarudza imwe, mushure mezvo mutengo unobvumirana kune imwe nguva yenguva (zvishoma kuti zvive nyore). Anouya kumba kwake uye ari mushandikadzi wake masikati uye anorara naye usiku. Zvisinei, haakwanisi kuita nevamwe vakadzi uye haakwanisi nevarume… Kana aenda anomupa mari yavanenge vabvumirana voparadzana muushamwari, uye anogona kuwana mumwe murume pasina kunyara.”

Maitiro akafanana akatsanangurwa kune vatengesi veJavanese muBanda panguva yemwaka we nutmeg uye kune vekuEurope nevamwe muVietnam, Cambodia, Siam neBurma. Chou Ta-kuan (1297) anotsanangura chimwe chakanakira tsika idzi achiti: “Vakadzi ava havasi vanhu vokurara chete asiwo vanowanzotengesa zvinhu zvavanopiwa nevarume vavo muchitoro, izvo zvinobereka zvakawanda kupfuura zvokutengesa.”

Rudo rwakashata pakati pemutengesi wechiDutch nemwanasikana wamambo weSiamese

Vekunze vaiwanzowana marudzi aya emaitiro echienzi uye anonyangadza. "Vasingatendi vanoroora vakadzi vechiMuslim uye vakadzi vechiMuslim vanotora asingatendi semurume" (Ibn Majid, 1462). Navarette (1646) anonyora asingatenderi, kuti: ‘Varume vechiKristu vanochengeta vadzimai vechiMuslim uye zvakapesana.’ Apo bedzi wokune imwe nyika aida kuroora mukadzi ari pedyo nedare ndipo pakanga pane chishoro chakasimba. Kupenga kwakashata pakati pemutengesi wechiDutch nemwanasikana wamambo weSiamese kungangove kwakakonzera kurambidzwa kwaMambo Prasat Thong michato pakati pemutorwa nemukadzi wechiThai muna 1657.

Mune akati wandei emaguta makuru echiteshi chezvikepe ane vagari vechiMuslim, marudzi aya emichato yenguva pfupi akanga asina kunyanya kuwanda, sezvo varanda vechikadzi vaiwanzoshandiswa nokuda kweizvi, vaigona kutengeswa uye vasina kodzero kuvana. Scott (1606) anonyora kuti vatengesi vekuChina muBanten vakatenga varandakadzi vavakaita navo vana vakawanda. Pavakadzokera kumusha kwavo, vakatengesa mukadzi wacho ndokuenda nevana. Vechirungu vaive netsika imwe chete, kana tichigona kutenda Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1619). Akafara kuti vatengesi vechiRungu muSouth Borneo vaiva varombo zvokuti vaifanira ‘kutengesa mahure avo’ kuti vawane zvokudya.

Chipfambi chakangobuda pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu

Upfambi hwaive hushoma pane kuroora kwechinguvana, asi hwakazobuda mumaguta akakosha pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu. Zvifeve zvaiwanzova varanda vamambo kana kuti vamwe vanokudzwa. VaSpain vakataura nezvemhando idzi dzevakadzi vaipa masevhisi avo kubva kuzvikepe zvidiki mu 'guta remvura' Brunei (Dasmarinas, 1590). VaDutch vakatsanangura chiitiko chakafanana muPattani muna 1602, kunyange zvazvo chakanga chisingawanzoitiki uye chinokudzwa pane kuroorana kwenguva pfupi (Van Neck, 1604).

Mushure me1680, mumwe mukuru weThai akagamuchira mvumo yepamutemo kubva kudare reAyutthaya yekumisikidza chipfambi chaisanganisira vakadzi mazana matanhatu, vese vakaitwa nhapwa nekuda kwemhosva dzakasiyana. Izvi zvinoita sekunge ndiko kwakabva tsika yeThai yekuwana mari yehurumende kubva kuchipfambi (La Loubère, 600). Rangoon yezana ramakore regumi nesere zvakare yaive ne'mahure misha' yese, vese varanda vechikadzi.

Kupokana nezvirevo zvechiKristu neIslam

Urwu mhatsa huru youkama hwevatano, ukama hwakasununguka zvikuru hwapamberi peroorano, kuva nomudzimai mumwe, kuvimbika mukati meroorano, nzira iri nyore yechatanuro nechinzvimbo chakasimba chavakadzi mukutamba kwevatano, nenzira inowedzera inopokanidzana nemirairo yamarudzidziso makuru ayo akasimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma kubata kwawo paiyi nharaunda. .

Vatano yapamberi peroorano yakarangwa zvakakomba pasi pemutemo wechiIslam, uko kwakatungamirira kukuroora kwevasikana vaduku (chaizvo). Izvi zvakatonyanya kukosha pakati pevakapfuma vemabhizimisi emudhorobha, uko kwainyanya kukanganiswa maererano nechinzvimbo nehupfumi. Kunyange muBuddhist Siam, vepamusoro, kusiyana nevanhuwo zvavo, vakarinda vanasikana vavo nokungwarira kusvikira varoora.

Nharaunda yeMuslim inokura yakaparadza kutyora pabonde kunobatanidza vanhu vakaroorana. Van Neck (1604) akaona mhedzisiro yenyaya yakashata muPattani apo mumwe muchinda weMalawi akamanikidzwa kudzipa mwanasikana wake wekuroora nekuti aive agamuchira tsamba dzerudo. MuAceh neBrunei, idzi mhando dzemitongo yerufu pasi pemutemo weSharia dzinofanirwa kunge dzakajairika. Mukupesana, Snouck Hurgronje akashuma muna 1891 kuti miitiro yakanyanyisa yakadaro yevakuru vomuguta yakanga isati yambopinda mumaruwa ari shure kwavo.

Mufambi mukuru wechiArab Ibn Majib akanyunyuta muna 1462 kuti vaMalay 'havaone kurambana sechiito chechitendero'. Mumwe mucherechedzi wekuSpain muBrunei akaona kuti varume vaigona kurambana nevakadzi vavo nekuda kwe 'zvikonzero zvisina musoro', asi kurambana uku kwaiwanzopedzwa mukuwirirana uye nekuzvidira zvachose, neroora uye vana vakapatsanurwa pakati pavo.