(Chikwereti chemupepeti: Youkonton/Shutterstock.com)
Zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti hunhu nemaitiro zvinonyanya kusarudzwa netsika iyo munhu ari mubvunzo anogara uye akakurira. Ini ndinopikisa maonero iwayo. Tsika hadzisi kana kuti hadzikonzeri hunhu kana hunhu hwemunhu, uye kana zvakadaro, saka hatingamboziva uye isu tinofanira kurega kutonga kubva kutsika.
Vanhu vakaenzana uye havana kuenzana panguva imwe chete. Ndichataura pamusoro pekusaenzana ikoko, maererano neunhu uye maitiro anopesana nemamiriro etsika. Chandinoda kuziva ndechekuti hukama huripo pakati petsika nemaitiro hwakamira sei. Mushure mezvose, tinowanzo verenga uye kunzwa 'Iri mutsika', 'Imhaka yetsika' kana 'Yakadzika midzi mutsika', ingave yemafungiro nemaitiro emunhu kana nezve zvimwe zvakagovaniswa hunhu uye mataurirwo, sezviri mukati. zvematongerwo enyika nedzidzo. Tsika dzinosarudza maitiro here? Ndave nenguva yakareba ndichinetseka nazvo.
Ndasvika pakudavira kuti tsika dzine pesvedzero shomanene kana kuti hadzina paunhu hwomumwe munhu kana kuti mufambiro uye naizvozvo tinofanira kurega kuita kuti tsika dzive nomutoro nokuda kwayo. Izvi zvakatosiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda zvekuti tsika inotara hunhu nemaitiro emunhu. Iniwo ndinoreva chirevo chevhiki: 'Matambudziko ehukama neThai nekuda kwekusiyana kwetsika hakuna maturo!' (ona chinongedzo pazasi) uye nhaurirano inotyisa yakatevera; izvi zvakandikurudzira kune ino post.
Pazasi ndinotsanangura kuti sei ndichitsigira maonero aya, kureva kuti haufanirwe kusanganisa tsika nemagariro pakutsanangura maitiro kana maonero emumwe munhu. Ndinotanga nepfungwa yetsika, ipapo hunhu, ipapo maitiro uye stereotyping kupedzisa nemhedziso.
tsika nemagariro
'Tsika inotsanangura mapindu kwete maruva', kubvunzurudzwa naHofstede (2010)
Tsika dzinosiyana. Tinogona kuyera misiyano iyi nekupa mapepa emibvunzo kuboka guru revanhu vanobva kune imwe tsika uye nekuwedzera mhinduro kuitira kuti tiverenge pakati nekuenzanisa mhedzisiro nemaitiro akafanana mune dzimwe tsika (nyika mune iyi nyaya).
Mumwe wevakatanga kuita kudaro akanga ari Geert Hofstede, nyanzvi yendangariro yesangano uyo zvikurukuru akanyorera nyika yebhizimisi. Bhuku rake 'Culture's Consequences', rinonziwo 'bhuku gobvu', rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1980 uye ndiro bhaibheri revanotsvakurudza munyaya iyi. Akaongorora zvimwe zviyero zvetsika zvinoti, Simba Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Kusavimbika Kunzvenga, Kufunga Kwenguva Yakareba-kana Kupfupi, uye Kubvumira vs. kuzvidzora. Semuenzaniso, China ndiyo muenzaniso wetsika yemubatanidzwa uye United States yetsika yega yega. Zvinonakidza kutamba nazvo (ona chinongedzo ku geert-hofstede.com).
Hofstede akawana misiyano inoshamisa pakati petsika uye anowanzonokorwa mashoko. Asi zvinogona kutiitira zvishoma padanho rega rega pakutonga hunhu kana maitiro emumwe munhu mutsika dzese dzakasiyana idzi. Izvozvo zvinoda tsananguro.
Misiyano yetsika yakaonekwa naHofstede maavhareji. Avhareji ndiro izwi rinoshanda. Hofstede akasimbisawo kuti kugovaniswa kwezviyero zvataurwa pamusoro pehuwandu mukati tsika dzese dzakakura kwazvo, dzakakura kudarika musiyano pakati tsika.
Rega nditsanangure nekukwirira. Avhareji kureba kwechiDutch ndeye 10 cm kupfuura avhareji kureba kweThais. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti vanhu vese vechiDutch vakareba kupfuura vese Thais? Kwete, kune vanhu vazhinji vechiDutch vadiki pane avhareji Thai uye vashoma Thai vanhu vakareba kupfuura avhareji munhu wechiDutch. Hurefu hwepakati hahutauri zvachose nezvehurefu hwemunhu anobva munyika iyoyo.
Uye ndizvo zvakaitawo tsika. Kutsunga kweavhareji kukosha kwehunhu hwetsika hakutauri zvachose nezvehunhu hwechero munhu kubva kutsika iyoyo. Kupararira mukati metsika kwakakura zvakanyanya kune izvozvo. Tsika dzechirume dzine hunhu hwakawanda hwechikadzi uye zvakasiyana. Hofstede pachake akabvuma kuti: 'Kubatsira kwemigumisiro yenyika hairevi mukutsanangura vanhu, asi inoshanda kutsanangura magariro evanhu mavanogara.' (Hofstead, 2001)
Mubvunzurudzo muna 2010, Hofstede akazvitsanangura zvakajeka: 'Tsika inotsanangura mapindu kwete maruva.' Uyezve, Hofstede anotenda kuti haufanirwe kutora zvibodzwa pazviyero zvetsika pakukosha kwechiso, zvinongoitirwa kuenzanisa. Ndakaenzanisa China neThailand neThailand neNetherlands. Zvakazoitika kuti misiyano pamativi ese etsika pamwe chete yaive yakakura pakati peChina neThailand kupfuura pakati peThailand neNetherlands! Thailand, kana iwe ukatora zvese pamwe chete, inotaridzika seNetherlands kupfuura China.
Oysterman et al. (2002) vanopedzisa mukudzidza kwavo kwakazara kuti: 'Misiyano yetsika, maererano nehukuru hwemunhu oga uye mubatanidzwa, yakanga isiri yakakura kana yakarongeka sezvinowanzofungidzirwa.'
Kupfupisa: tinofanira kubata pfungwa yetsika uye mutsauko pakati petsika zvakanyatsonaka. Haisi hongu kana kwete, kazhinji kacho zvishoma kana zvishoma, zvinogara zvakafanana uye dzimwe nguva uchawana mutsauko mukuru.
(Chikwereti chemupepeti: Wasu Watcharadachaphong / Shutterstock.com)
Hunhu netsika
"Unhu hunhu huzhinji kuratidzwa kwebiology (nhaka) kupfuura zvigadzirwa zvezviitiko zvehupenyu." McCrae (2000)
Nyanzvi dzekutanga dzeanthropologist, dzakadai saFranz Boas, Margaret Mead, naRuth Benedict, dzakatora sezviri pachena kuti tsika inonyanya kusarudza hunhu. Ndiwo maonero anokosha. Asi hachisi chokwadi.
Mhando dzese dzekutsvagisa mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura dzakaratidza kuti tsika ingori chikamu chidiki chinokonzeresa kukura kwehunhu. Isu tinogona kutoona izvi mune zvakanyanya (zvinopfuura makumi mashanu muzana) hunhu hwakafanana hwemapatya akafanana anokura mutsika dzakasiyana. Izvi tinozvionawo muunhu hwakasiyana hwehama nehanzvadzi dzinokura mutsika imwe chete, mhuri imwe chete uye mumamiriro ezvinhu edzidzo akafanana.
Pane zvinoratidza kuti tsika kana zvimwe zviitiko zvoupenyu zvinogona kurodza mativi akapinza emunhu, asi hazvina simba rekupedzisira. Biology, nhaka, ndicho chinhu chakanyanya kukosha mukukura kwehunhu.
Maitiro, hunhu uye mamiriro
Mafambiro aunoita anosarudzwa nezvinhu zvitatu: unhu hwako, unhu hwomunhu waungave uchitaura naye, uye mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aunozviona uri maari. Pesvedzero yemamiriro acho ezvinhu inowanzotarisirwa pasi. Kana ndikasangana nemunhu wandisingazive ndinongwarira, ndinongwarira uye nekuferefeta, handiite kuti ndizivikanwe nekukurumidza.
Izvi zvinotonyanya kuitika kune mutorwa kubva kune imwe tsika. Pane tsika yakasimba yekufunga kuti mafungiro akadaro ane chekuita netsika dze'mumwe' (kwete netsika yako 'yako, hongu) asi chokwadi chiripo. Mune ruzivo rwangu, ini ndinowanzofungira zvisizvo hunhu hweThai pakutanga uye ndinofanira kugadzirisa maonero angu, kazhinji nekuona mabatiro aanoita nemumwe Thai.
Ngatitarisei mativi etsika Individuality (iwe unozviitira hanya zvakanyanya iwe nemhuri yako yepedyo, 'Ini' ari pakati, avhareji yakasimba munyika dzekuMadokero dzakadai seNetherlands neUS) uye Collectivity (iwe unorega nzeve dzako dzakarembera kuboka rako rose, unozviisa kumashure zvakanyanya, 'isu' tiri pakati, paavhareji yakasimba munyika dzakaita seChina neThailand).
Asi zvinoreva here kuti munhu wese muNetherlands anofunga kana kuita ega? Hapana nzira. MuNetherlands, 60 muzana vanofunga zvakanyanya ivo pachavo uye 40 muzana yakawanda pamwe chete (vanhu ava vanobatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumasangano, masangano evashandi, hutano hwehutano, nezvimwewo), asi iyo pakati ndeyemunhu oga. Saka tinogona here kutaura nezvemunhu asina kurongeka, wekune dzimwe nyika wechiDutch kuti iye anofunga zvachose ega? Saka kwete. Tinofanira kutarisa izvozvo pamunhu mumwe nomumwe.
Izvo zvinoshandawo kuChina. Mune iyi tsika yemubatanidzwa, 40 muzana vanofunga zvakanyanya kana kushoma pachedu uye vamwe vese pamwe chete. Mhedzisiro: imwe gemiddend collectivist culture. Tsika dzese musanganiswa wezviyero izvi zvakasiyana, muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Tsika dzakasiyana dzinogona kuenzana pane dzimwe pfungwa. Semuenzaniso, ndakashamisika kuti China yakawana yakakwira seUnited States pachinhu 'kuchengeta mhuri zvakanaka'.
Stereotyping
Kufungidzira kunowanzova mugumisiro, zvichida usingazivi, wokusimbisa zvinhu zvetsika muunhu uye mufambiro. Handina kuwana kuferefetwa kunotevera, uchafanirwa kutora izwi rangu pazviri.
Mazana mashoma evaDutch vakakumbirwa kunyora kuti 'munhuwo zvake wechiDutch' akaita sei. Tsananguro dzose idzodzo dzakanga dzakafanana zvikuru. Zvino zvakafananidzwa nemabatirwo akaitwa mazana mashoma evanhu aya akanyatsobatanidzwa uye zvakazoitika kuti pakanga pasina hukama zvachose nehunhu hwe 'chaiwo munhu wechiDutch'.
Mhedziso
Kutsanangura mafungiro emunhu kana maitiro kubva pamaonero etsika chinhu chiri nyore asi chine magumo. Hapana chinoratidza kuti chinhu chakadaro chakavakirwa pachokwadi. Kana zvakadaro, saka chete kusvika pamwero diki uye chete kuti atemerwe uye kuyerwa mumapoka makuru uye kwete padanho remunhu.
Ini pachangu, ndingazviona zvichigumbura kumwero wakati kana mumwe munhu akaramba maonero angu kana mufambiro nemashoko okuti: 'Unoti (kana kuti) izvozvo nokuti unobva kutsika yechiDutch.' Wakambonzwa mumwe munhu achitaura pamusoro pavo, "Ndinofunga (kana kuita) izvi nokuti itsika yangu." Aiwa kwete? Zvakanaka, usadaro pamusoro pemumwe munhu. Rega munhu wese ave sezvaari uye asabatanidze tsika.
Ndinotenda Chris de Boer nekuverenga pamwe chete. Mhosho dzichiri munyaya yangu ibasa rangu rose.
Sources:
Harry C. Triandis naEunkook M. Suh, Kufurira kwetsika paUnhu, Ann. Rev. Psychology, 2002, 53: 133-66
Vasyl Taras uye Piers Simbi, Beyond Hofstede, Kupikisa Mitemo Gumi yekutsvakurudza kwetsika-siyana, Chicago, 2009
Nan Dirk de Graaf, Simba rinotsanangura tsika, Vanhu neSosaiti, 2002
Veronica Benet-Martinez naShigehiro Oishi, Tsika nehunhu, Handbook of Personality, 2006
Hofstede, G., Migumisiro Yetsika, 1980
Hofstede, G. & McCrae, R. R., Hunhu uye Tsika Yakadzokororwa, Kubatanidza Hunhu uye Zvimiro zveTsika, Cross-Cultural research, 2001, 38(1) 52-89
Daphna Oyserman, Heather M. Coon naMarkus Kemmelmeier, Kufungazve Individualism uye Collectivism, Psychological Bulletin, 2002, Vol.128,No. 1, 3-72
McCrae, R.R., Trait psychology uye kumutsidzira hunhu uye tsika zvidzidzo, Am.Behav.Sci. 44:10-31 (2000)
http://geert-hofstede.com/netherlands.html
https://www.thailandblog.nl/stelling-van-de-week/relatieproblemen-thai-door-cultuurverschillen/
Ndakanyora nyaya yakafanana pamusoro pemhosva uye kunyadziswa tsika:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/schuldig-schamen/
Chidimbu chakareba kuti utaure pane zvese, asi ini ndinoda kuwedzera mashoma ekutaura.
Kana iwe ukati tsika inotsanangura mapindu kwete maruva, ndizvozvo, asi maruva anoita bindu uye bindu rinosarudza maruva.
Maruva akasiyana-siyana anomera paivhu risina matombo kupfuura mubindu rakaomeswa, umo murimi anosakura sora ndokuadiridza zuva nezuva kana kusina kunaya.
Bindu nemaruva zvakabatana zvisingabvisiki.
Unhu ihwohwo hunopesvedzerwa nenhaka ichokwadi chose.
Zvisinei, sainzi haina kumira.
Iye kubvira ipapo akawana kuti mhoteredzo iyo vabereki vanogara mairi inopesvedzera kutambanuko uko mavara okugarwa nhaka anoratidzwa muvana.
Vana vevanhu vaiva nezvokudya zvishoma vachawedzera uremu nyore nyore kupfuura vana vevabereki vaiva nezvokudya zvakawanda.
Kwete nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvokugarwa nhaka zvachinja, asi mugumisiro wemamwe majini unosimbiswa kana kuti kuneteswa muvana nezvinoitika zvavabereki.
Mafungiro ako pamusoro pekuzvisarudzira ari kundinzvenga.
Chokwadika, haasi munhu wose ari mutsika akaenzana.
Tsika ingori nhamba yevanhu vose vari muboka iroro.
Avhareji uye/kana nezana muzana mukati meboka.
Tsika inogara mumwe munhu inopesvedzera hunhu hwemunhu, kungofanana nenhaka.
Ndinogona kufunga kuti unobvumirana neni kuti kana ukapuruzira mhanza yemongi mutemberi, musha wose ucharohwa nehana zvechokwadi.
Izvo chaizvo hazvibvi kumajini.
Stereotyping pamwe yakasimuka kubva mukudiwa pataigara mumiti kuti tive boka uye kuwedzera mikana yedu yekupona.
Nekudaro, kana iwe uchida kuve weboka, unofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwekuti boka iro ndiani.
Saka kana iwe ukaona chisikwa chine maoko 4 chakagara mumuti uye iwe pachako uine mhino refu ine tsandanyama yaunogona kusveta mvura nekukanda tsvina kumusana wako, iwe unofanirwa kugumisa kuti uri muboka risiri iro uye kuti une. kutsvaga zvishoma mberi.
Saka kwete, handisi kungobvumirana nemhedziso yako.
Nyaya yakanaka, Ruud, ine mapoinzi andinogona kubvumirana nawo. Zvimwe ndakawedzeredza zvishoma mukufarira kwangu, asi ndinonamatira kune yangu musimboti: tsika inongokonzeresa chikamu chidiki chemaitiro emumwe munhu, kazhinji chete nyaya dzetsika dzakadai sekubvisa shangu dzako usati wapinda mutembere uye kupa wai. Uye kwete kune hunhu hwemunhu.
Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewekutaura kwako: 'Ndinogona kufunga kuti unobvumirana neni kuti kana ukapuruzira mhanza yemongi mutemberi, musha wose ucharohwa nehana'. Hongu, asi ndinofunga kuti vamwe vanosekawo muchivande, vamwe vanofunga kuti vangada kuita izvozvo dzimwe nguva, etc. Uye iwe unofunga kuti inogamuchirwa muNetherlands kana iwe ukarova musoro wemufundisi muchechi? Saka hapana musiyano wakawanda kudaro. Ndizvo zvandinoreva. Haina chekuita netsika yeThai, inongori tsika yepasirese yeruremekedzo. Idi rokuti mukadzi haabvumirwi kubata mumongi rine chikamu chetsika.
Rega ndipe mumwe muenzaniso nezve 'unhu, tsika nenharaunda'. prudishness. Wangu weku Thai aigara achipinda mumvura akapfeka zvakakwana muHua Hin. Takagara muNetherlands kwegore. Ndakamubvunza kana aida kuendawo kumahombekombe egungwa ari nudist muHoek van Holland. OK, akadaro. Takasvika akaringa ringa, akabvisa hembe dzese asina kumbozeza ndokuzvambarara. Akawana mvura yegungwa yaitonhora zvakanyanya…..Hapana (tsika, munhu) ungwaru, chinongokonzera nharaunda. Kunyangwe vanhu vasina kungwara vanojairana neizvi (ndinovimba). Ndine urombo nemhinduro refu….
Ini "ndakaita" mapurojekiti epasi rose eNGO yepasirese kwemakore 25 uye ndakagara nekushanda munharaunda dzakawanda dzakasiyana netsika munzvimbo dzese dzepasi. Ndasvika pamhedziso yokuti tsika dzinopesvedzera hunhu hwemumwe munhu uye kuti kwete chete nhaka ndiyo inosarudza. Ini handina kunge ndakatsvaga izvi nesainzi, asi ndakangoona kubva pakuona kwangu, ruzivo uye kuenzanisa.
Izwi rakakosha nderekuti "chete". Kuremekedza chikamu chako chakanyorwa uye nemhinduro yaRuud kwairi. Asi chokwadi isuwo rakazaruka kuratidza kuti tsika chete ndiyo inosarudza kana iwe uchisiyana kubva kune mumwe. Mushure mezvose, hurongwa hwekugarisana ihuwandu hwezvikamu zvayo, kureva huwandu hwetsika, kurerwa, mamiriro ezvinhu, ruzivo rwehupenyu uye nguva yehupenyu, nezvimwewo. Zvose izvi uye zvichida nhamba yevamwe inoumba munhu. Asi haufanire here kuona misiyano zvachose nekuti haumbove nekunzwisisa kwakazara kwekuti munhu ari kupesvedzera zvinhu ane basa nemhedzisiro yekupedzisira? Handifunge kudaro. Kana maitiro akasiyana-siyana achionekwa pakati peboka guru revanhu vanobva kutsika imwe chete uye, sezvatoratidzwa, mamiriro ezvinhu emunhu anosiyana (vapfumi kana varombo, vakadzidza kana vasina kudzidza, nezvimwewo), ipapo ndinofunga kuti tsika inogona kuonekwa se chikonzero chikuru. Kwete sezvo CHETE chikonzero; Ndichaenda newe pane izvozvo.
1. Pakutaura pamusoro pesimba retsika pamaitiro, tsika hairevi zvibodzwa zviri pamibvunzo yeHofsteede. Inyaya dzenyaya dzinotaudzana zvikwata zvevanhu zvakaita sekuti nyika yavo yakavambwa sei, ndeipi nzira yakanaka yekubata nayo vabereki vako, uye kuti unofanira kutya zvipoko here. Idzo "nhau", dzakabatanidzwa mumitemo uye tsika uye mitemo yehupenyu, dzine simba rakasimba pamaitiro.
Kana nyaya iri yekuti iwe unofanirwa kutya zvipoko, saka iwe unenge uchida kutevedzera tsika yako yezvipoko. Izvozvo zvichange zvichikanganiswa zvishoma neunhu hwako. Kana iwe wakakurira muNetherlands asi uchiri kutya zvipoko, iwe uchaita zvinhu zvakasiyana pane muThailand. Saka kunyangwe kana kutya zvipoko kwakazvarwa kubva paunhu hwako (inova nzira inoshamisa yekutambanudza pfungwa yehunhu), *maitiro* achiri akatemerwa netsika.
Kana ndichigara kuThailand asi ndisingatyi zvipoko, pamwe ndichatamba pamwe chete. MuNetherlands hapana chandinoita.
Mimwe mienzaniso: zvipfeko zvinopfekwa nemunhu, rudzi rwechikafu chaanodya, kana/uye kangani kaunoenda kuchechi/kutemberi/kumosikiti, uye kuti unotengesa migove yako apo vamwe vakawanda vanofunga kuti icharasikirwa noukoshi hazvinyanyi kukanganiswa. newe.unhu hunotara pamwe chete nenzvimbo yaunogara uye kuti mhoteredzo inoumbwa netsika netsika dzayo, tsika, uye mitemo yehunhu hwakanaka.
2. Tsika dzinokurudzira mamwe maitiro uye kusatendera mamwe. Ndinopedzisira ndava mumuzinda waPieter Baan muNetherlands pandinoedza kukandira chirikadzi pamoto wemariro. Pane imwe nguva muIndia yandaifanira kuita izvozvo.
Izvi zvakangofanana nezvinopokana naRuud, mumashoko akasiyana zvishoma.
Apo Mr. Kuis vanonyora, kuti: “Ndakasvika pakudavira kuti tsika ine pesvedzero duku kana kuti haina paunhu hwomunhu kana kuti mufambiro,” ikoko ichokwadi nokuda kwounhu asi kwete nokuda kwomufambiro.
3. Ichokwadi kuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu anokosha. Asi kushandisa muenzaniso wekusangana nemunhu wausingazivi: mutsika umo kuchengeta vanhu vausingazivi kwakakosha (seGreece yekare), maitiro erudzii - ane ushamwari, ane mutsa - iwe unoratidza kana iwe usinganzwi wakasununguka zvachose nechinhu chinoshamisa. imwe, asi inyaya yezvimiro uye nyaya, uye naizvozvo tsika. Izvi zvinoshandawo, hongu, kune kunyemwerera kwehushamwari kwevanhu veThai mumamiriro ezvinhu apo musangano wekuratidzira urikuitwa muNetherlands.
Chirikadzi ichitsva: 'Zvakanga zvisina kumboitika kuti chirikadzi dzose dzaiitwa netsika iyi. Kunyangwe panguva iyo yaishandiswa zvakajairika, kubva kutanga kweMiddle Ages kusvika muzana ramakore rechi 19, zvingangoita kuti inopfuura chikamu chimwe kubva muzana chechirikadzi dzakanga dzisinganyanyi kubatwa netsika iyi, kunyange zvazvo chikamu ichi chaigona kuva chakakwirira zvikuru pakati peboka repamusoro. vakadzi.. Wikipedia.
Kana iwe ukatsanangura zvese zvinoitika munyika nenguva setsika kana sekukurudzirwa netsika, tsika inova pfungwa yemidziyo inotsanangura zvese uye saka hapana. Kuda 'Mwari' muchitendero.
wikipedia? zvakakomba
Tine urombo nekutaura…
Anodiwa Dutch,
Kana iwe ukatsanangura kuti 1 muzana chirikadzi inopisa kubva mutsika, saka iwe unofanirwawo kutsanangura iyo 99 muzana isiri-yakatsva kubva kune imwechete tsika. Unokwanisa here? Kana kuti unoerekana wachinja kumafungiro nemaitiro emunhu?
Ini handibvumirani nezvakatsanangurwa naTino pamusoro.
Pane zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti maitiro akawanda anodzidzwa kubva mutsika. Ehe, sekutaura kunoita Wibar, haisi yega uye isu tiri musanganiswa wehunhu hwedu / hunhu, nharaunda, tsika, nezvimwe.
Somuenzaniso, ndinoda kutora dzidziso yaProfessor Albert Bandura yesocial learning, iyo inoti “Maitiro anoonekwa nezvinhu zvomunhu pamwe chete nemhoteredzo, asi akawedzera kuti vanhu vanozvifurirawo ivo pachavo nenharaunda yavo kuburikidza nemaitiro avo. Maitiro anosarudza tsika, uye tsika inosarudza maitiro.
Ne‘mhoteredzo’, Bandura yaireva zvose zviri zviviri mhoteredzo yenzanga nenyika inooneka yakatipoteredza.”
Nemamwe mashoko, zvamazvirokwazvo kuri kuenda kure zvikuru kutaura kuti tsika ine pesvedzero shomanene kana kuti haina pamaitiro.
Saka ndinofungira kuti Tino ari kuda kutifadza nemashoko ake akasimba.
tsika ndicho chose chinoitwa nevanhu uye/kana kuita.
musikana wangu wekutanga wekuThai aive muBhudha uye maitiro ake aienderana nemafungiro eThailand.
Ukama hwangu hwechipiri (akatova makore 15 apfuura) akachinja kuva muKristu Lisu mukadzi.Ndakapinda zvikoro zvechiKristu muNetherlands, uye zvakawanda zvounhu hwake zvinoenderana Dutch vaKristu.
Tsika dzinoratidza zvakawanda, kusiyana kwemunhu kutsauka kana kugadzirisa kune izvozvo.
Vanhu vanotaura chinhu chimwe chete nenzira dzakasiyana kwazvo. Saka iwe unofanirwa kuziva tsika uye zvakare mutauro wemuviri kuti unzwisise mumwe nemumwe.
Uye kutaura nezve zita rekuti 'Thai zvechokwadi vanobva kune imwe nyika' iyo inonhuwa senge 'Zvese zvisiri zveDutch zvinopenga, zvinoshamisa uye zvinenge zvakashata'.
Tino, waita basa nechidimbu chakafungwa zvakanaka. Uye kutenda kune vamwe vanyori nemaonero avo.
Inoshamisa nyaya ine makushe ane zvakawanda zve "sainzi" zvisina maturo! Pazasi pane chidimbu nezve "individualistic tsika":
Kuuraya muvengi kwaiva kukunda, uye "kutora" musoro wake kwaiva kuwana mukombe waiunza mukurumbira. Nekucheka uye kuratidza musoro wemuvengi akaurayiwa, unogona kushandura mweya wemuvengi kuti uve mubatsiri. Mweya wemunhu akabatwa wakabatanidzwa mumapoka emadzitateguru uye mushure mekufa kwemukuru wehunter aizova mubatsiri wake mu "nyika yepamusoro", umo vamwari nemidzimu vanogara.
Zvibayiro zvevanhu kumunhu akafa zvaiitwawo kuti zvivashumire muupenyu hwapashure porufu. Kuvhima musoro nguva dzose kwaiitika pasi pesimba rezvipenyu uye zvemweya.
Pakati pemadzinza eDayak aimhanya, vanhu vamwe navamwe, vakadai savanakomana vomushakabvu worusando, vakatanga nhangemutange. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vaimhanyira mumapoka evanhu 3 kusvika ku10, vakapfeka zvipfeko zvechiuto nokuda kwechiitiko chacho, uye zvichida nemarudzi avaigara nawo mukukakavadzana kweropa. Misoro yakamhanyiswa yakagoverwa.
Uye ipapo mhedziso inosiririsa uye iri nyore zvikuru: “Kutsanangura murangariro kana kuti mufambiro womumwe munhu wetsika imhedziso iri nyore asi isingafadzi. Hapana chinoratidza kuti chinhu chakadaro chakavakirwa pachokwadi. Kana zvirizvo, saka kusvika pamwero diki chete uye zvinogona kungotemerwa nekuyerwa mumapoka makuru uye kwete padanho rega rega. " Kwete, hapasati pave nevashambadziri vemusoro muAmsterdam nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza kwemakore, asi pfungwa iyoyo ichiri kurarama pakati pemadzinza eDayak!
Ngatione kana ndichikunzwisisa zvakanaka. Kupisa kwehuroyi muEurope (kusvika 60.000 pakati pekuti 1500 ne1700) chinhu chakatemwa netsika? Zvichida isu tinofanirawo kupa mhosva tsika yeHolocaust uye mhosva dzaStalin naMao?
Asi unogona kuva (zvishoma) wakarurama. Ndinotenda kuti dzimwe nguva dzimwe pfungwa dzakatemerwa netsika nemafungiro nemaitiro zvinosarudza maitiro. Saka izvozvo zvinoshanda here paunhu huri hwose kana mufambiro?
Wadiwa Tino, Sei tichida zvidzidzo zvekubatanidza kana pasina kusiyana kwetsika? Sei tichida kurambidza burqas? Nei kubatwa chibharo nezvikwata “kwakajairika” muIndia? Sei tichifunga kuti mhosva yekukudza inononoka? Sei tichiwana huwori muThailand "chaizvo Thai"? Nei tichiwana kudimburwa misoro sechirango muSaudi Arabia mhuka? Kana ndikagara pasi ndofunga nezvazvo, ndinogona kufunga nezve 100 "nei". Zvose "nei" munyaya iyi kutsauka mune zvetsika pfungwa. Kana iwe ukatsanangura tsika semararamiro enzanga; chimiro, kugutsikana uye kutungamira kwemweya kwezviito zvevanhu, ipapo Holocaust inotsanangurwa munyaya yako! Nehurombo, vanhu vazhinji vanofarira zvidzidzo zve "juicy" uye tsananguro! Mushure mezvose, mapurofesa anoda kupihwa mari zvakare!
Tino Kuis anokunda mukujeka kuburikidza nekufunga zvine musoro uye nekusimbisa kwakasimba
Ini ndinobvumirana naye pane akawanda, kana asiri ese mapoinzi, yaive uye inovhura ziso kwandiri.
Kana ukaverenga Chaste chidimbu nokungwarira pasina conditioned rusaruro (izvo zvinenge zvisingabviri), unogona chete kugumisa kuti hunhu hwakatemwa, uye kwete kuumbwa netsika, stereotyped maitiro kana kugarisana.
Ini ndinozvitarisa ini nemunun'una wangu akafanana nemasikirwo, akarerwa akaparadzana asi akafanana pahunhu nehunhu,
Izvi zvinoratidzwawo zvakanaka mugwaro reChinese mapatya akafanana akakura akaparadzana pakuzvarwa kuburikidza nekurerwa kuUS neFrance.
Kana vakadzi vechidiki vaviri vabatanidzwazve nemukana (internet recognition), hunhu hwaive husina kungofanana maitiro avo mune zvakadzama zvakare.
Ruud akaedza kuzviisa mumashoko ane aphorism asi,
Aphorism ichokwadi semhuru, ( C.Buddingh ).
Ndinotenda kuti tsika dzine simba guru pamaitiro emunhu. Muenzaniso; ongororo huru inoratidza kuti mune imwe nyika (A) mune tsika yekunwa doro rakawanda uye vagari vemo vanowanzodhakwa, kune imwe nyika (B) kunoratidzika kune tsika yekunwa doro shoma uye vanogara ikoko havatombodhakwa. Zvino zvingave zvakanaka kuti unosangana nechidhakwa munyika B uye chidhakwa munyika A, asi mukana wekuti ndiyo imwe nzira yakapoteredza wakangokura… Saka usambofa wakaisa tsika yese nebhurasho rimwe chete nekuti munhu wese hunhu hwakasiyana uyo saka haafanire kuenderana netsika yenyika yake, asi mukana wekuti zvimwe zvinhu zviitike kare mune imwe tsika wakangokura nekuti izvi zvave zvichiratidzwa nekutsvaga.
chidimbu chinonakidza. Mukuona kwangu, hunhu uye hunhu hazvitemerwe netsika, asi tsika inotarwa nekuunganidzwa kwevanhu uye maitiro avo. Uye ivo vanogona kupesvedzerana, izvo zvakasiyana kune mumwe nemumwe. The personality mukati tsika.
Mamiriro ezvinhu etsika anokanganisawo pfungwa dzechimwe chinhu. Iyi pfungwa inosarudza manzwiro pamusoro payo, nzvimbo yekuberekera maitiro. Kana iwe uchida kushandura manzwiro ako nezve chimwe chinhu uye maitiro ako, shandura pfungwa.
E.g. une appointment nemunhu uye haaratidze, kwete kekutanga. Kufunga kwako kwacho ndekwekuti, imboro yei yaakundidzipa futi, wakatsamwa (kunzwa). Maitiro, semuenzaniso, anogona kunditsamwisa, haafanire kugogodza pagonhi rangu zvakare uye iwe unoodha chinwiwa muine grumpy uye bummed kunze. Manheru unonzwa kuti aita tsaona akapedzisira ave kuchipatara. Pakarepo pfungwa dzako dzinoshanduka, dzichiteverwa nemanzwiro ako (kamwe kamwe kuva mhosva) uye maitiro ako (ndichangomushanyira kuti ndione kuti ari sei).
Nenzira iyi iwe unogonawo kukanganisa manzwiro ako uye naizvozvo maitiro ako. Iwe unonzwa kunge shiti tsvaga kuti ipfungwa ipi iri kuseri kwayo, chinja pfungwa iyoyo uye uchanzwa zviri nani. Zvinotora kudzidzira, asi zvinoshanda.
zvinosuruvarisa kuti handibvumirani nazvo. Chekutanga, iro zita, iro rakandipa imwe manzwiro e…
Zvakadaro, ini handisi mutsigiri wehunhu hwepfungwa, nekuti vanhu vanofarira kuisa zvese mumabhokisi.
Iwe unoti Thailand yakafanana neNetherlands kupfuura China? Ndinofunga haugone kana kuenzanisa tsika yeThai nevanhu vayo nesu. Uye tsika zvechokwadi inosarudza maitiro evanhu, somuenzaniso Limburg tsika, zvakare yakasiyana zvikuru kubva, somuenzaniso, Amsterdam. Saizvozvo Thai kana ichienzaniswa nehupenyu hwekuMadokero, ini ndinowana Thai munhu, akasununguka zvakanyanya, akavhurika uye anongoerekana aita nekuti ivo vakarerwa zvinoenderana netsika yavo uye zvavanotenda. Ndakaverengawo chikamu icho China neU.SA vane zvibodzwa zvakaenzana, maererano nekuchengeta mhuri.Zvino unogona kunditsanangurira kuti nei inenge hafu yevanhu veDutch neUSA vachipokana nekuchengeta mhuri, kana gare gare kuchengetwa kwemba kuchinyangarika. , uye isu tinofanira kutarisira vabereki vedu isu pachedu, sezvavanoita muChina neThailand, munyika dzakawanda muAsia, mhuri ndiyo nhamba 1. Havana, kufanana neUnited States neEurope, vakaiswa mumusha wevakwegura, uye mhuri. rinouya kamwe pagore. Aiwa, chinondirwadza ndechekuti vaThai vane respect nevakuru vavo kudarika nesu kana kuUSA, zvino ndoshaya kuti wakazviwanepi. Pachine zvibodzwa zvakawanda, asi nyaya yacho yakati rebei kwandiri.
Wadiwa Rick,
Hungu, kutarisira vakwegura ikoko. Zvakaipa kwazvo muNetherlands uye zvakanaka kwazvo muThailand.
MuNetherlands, 85 (!) Chikamu chevanhu vanopfuura makumi masere vachiri kugara pamba, hafu pasina rubatsiro, vamwe vane zvimwe kana zvakawanda zvekubatsira. Sachiremba mukuru muNetherlands, ndakaona kuti nhengo dzemhuri dzakaita nhamburiko huru sei kutarisira vabereki vadzo vakwegura kusvikira vasiya. Izvi zvinoitika zvakare muThailand.
MuThailand ndakaona kuti vana vairasa vabereki vavo. Ambuya vakasara nemuzukuru. Dzimwe nguva aindishanyira uye ndaimupa 500 baht yemukaka wemwana. Vana hapana chavakaita. Pashure pegore kana kuti kupfuura akazviuraya.
Musandiudze kuti kutarisira vakwegura kunosiyana zvakanyanya pakati peThailand neNetherlands. Inongonyanya kurongeka muNetherlands (ndaifanira kuitsvaga muduramazwi) uye zvakanyanya pachangu muThailand.
Ndakadzidza chimwe chinhu kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Ndiri kusiya mhedziso yangu yekuti 'hazvimbo…' uye ikozvino ndofunga kuti kune akati wandei maitiro anotemerwa netsika. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvishoma kumunhu.
Asi ini ndichiri kuda kunyevera kuderedza zvinhu zvose kune chikonzero chetsika nokuti iwe unogara uchishaya chimwe chinhu.
Rega ndipe muenzaniso unotevera. Kana muThai akanganisa basa, unowanzonzwa nekuverenga: 'izvi zvakare nekuda kweanogumbura eThai mai pen rai mafungiro' ('hazvina basa, hazvina mhosva, ndiri kungokanda ngowani pazviri'). Ndaimbofunga kuti kazhinji uye dzimwe nguva zvinofanira kuva zvechokwadi. Asi chokwadi zvaigonawo kuti yaive mhizha yakaipa, kana kuti raive basa rekumhanyisa nekuti aifanira kunotora mwanakomana wake kuchikoro, kana kuti basa raive rakaoma, kana kuti akakanganwa kuunza midziyo yakakodzera uye. zvinhu, nezvimwewo.
Tsananguro dzetsika dzinowanzoita kuti tirasike. VaThai vanoti สาธุ sathoe uye zvinoreva kuti 'ameni'.
Zvandiri kushamisika. Farang Jef anouya kuzororo kuThailand makore makumi maviri apfuura uye anoita mukadzi wechiThai Sita pamuviri. Jef anga ari pamba kwenguva refu uye hapana chaanoziva. Sita anozvara nekuti anopesana nekubvisa pamuviri, mwanakomana anonzi Jack. Jack zviri pachena akanaka hafu-rudzi. Jack zvino ava nemakore makumi maviri, mutyairi wetuctuc muBangkok, 20 muzana yeThai mumafungiro uye muchitarisiko chake.
Jef anopa Sita pamuviri makore makumi maviri apfuura uye anozviziva ndokuenda naye kuBelgium ... mwanakomana ane ropa rehafu Jack ava nemakore makumi maviri, mutyairi wetekisi muAntwerp uye anoombera Aaaantweeerps.
Kana ndikanzwisisa nemazvo, Thai Jack naAaandesign Jef vangangove nehunhu hwakafanana, kunze kwekusiyana kwetsika?
Chirevo chinoti "sezvinoimbwa nevakuru, vana vanozhamba" nemamwe mazwi, kana Jack akarerwa muThailand naamai vake veThai chete, pachava nemusiyano wakajeka naJack akakurira muA'pen. Ichokwadi kuti kwete chete nharaunda ine pesvedzero uye ine sarudzo (asi yakakosha), kune zvisingaverengeki zvikonzero zvinoitawo basa.
Iwe unogona kutaura kuti hunhu huchave hwakafanana, asi kufunga, maitiro, maitiro, nezvimwe. kunyangwe kukura kwekunzwa kuchave kwakasiyana.
Misiyano mukati meNetherlands zvakare yakakura. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemupfumi, wechidiki, purofesa muLeiden nemurombo, akura, murimi wechitendero muDrenthe? Muzvinafundo uyu wechiDutch aizogarisana zvakanaka napurofesa akafanana paThammasat University muBangkok zvisinei nemarudzi avo akasiyana. MuThailand, pandakaonana nemuThai, ndakatarisa hunhu hwake ndikakanganwa mamiriro etsika. Ruzivo rwangu rwemutauro weThai rwaikosha. Handina kumbova nedambudziko nazvo. MuThailand, vechidiki vanoridza zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nekuimbwa kwevanhu vakuru. Ona sarudzo dzichangopfuura. Kanganwa tsika nemagariro. Tanga hurukuro uye kuchinjana ruzivo, maonero uye tsika. Izvo zviri nani pane kungofungidzira kuti iyi Thai inosangana zvizere ne 'Thai zviyero uye kukosha'.