Iri bhuku rakanyorwa naThongchai Winichakul rinotsanangura kuti ndangariro dzekupondwa kwevanhu paThammasat University muna Gumiguru 6, 1976 dzakaitika sei pamunhu uye nenyika. Anotaura nezvekuti ndangariro dzakadzvinyirirwa sei nekuti dzainyanya kurwadza uye kuti ndangariro dzakakanganiswa sei. Pakanga pasina mhemberero padanho renyika kwemakore makumi maviri ekutanga.
Ichi chidzidzo chekuti ndangariro dzinogadziriswa sei ine kukosha kwepasirese, senge Holocaust kana kolonial yapfuura. Bhuku racho rakandibaya mwoyo, uye dzimwe nguva raitungamirira kumanzwiro makuru mandiri.
Sumo pfupi
Thongchai akanga ari mudzidzi ane makore 19 okukura paYunivhesiti yeThammasat uye nhengo yeDare reVadzidzi apo, mumangwanani-ngwanani aOctober 6, 1976, mauto emapurisa nemapurisa akapinda munzvimbo yeyunivhesiti ndokukonzera kuurayiwa chaiko. Vadzidzi vakaurayiwa nemabara, kusungirirwa uye zvichida kupiswa vari vapenyu.
Thongchai akazvionera pedyo. Akaona shamwari dzake dzichiurayiwa. Mushure mekupondwa uku, zviuru zvevadzidzi zvakaunganidzwa ndokupfigirwa mujeri, uko vakarohwa nekutukwa nemapurisa setsvina yakaderera. Vazhinji vakaburitswa mushure memavhiki mashoma, vadzidzi gumi nevasere vakapomerwa mhosva uye vakamira mudare muna 1978. Nokuzivisa kanganwiro yavose nokuda kwavose vaibatanidzwa, ava vadzidzi vakapedzisira vasunungurwa. Hapana ari kudivi rehurumende akambopomerwa mhosva, kutongwa kana kurangwa.
Mushure mezvidzidzo zvake, Thongchai akaita basa semunyori wenhoroondo. Bhuku rake rine mukurumbira ndere 'Siam Mapped', bhuku rinokurukura nezvekugadzirwa kwemiganhu yemazuva ano yeThailand uye rinobvisa pfungwa yekuti Thailand yaimbova humambo hukuru hwakarasa matunhu ese. Muna 1996, makore makumi maviri mushure mekupondwa, iye nevamwe vakati wandei vakaronga kurangarira kwavose kwekutanga.
Pazasi ini ndinogovera dudziro yakapfupikiswa yenhanganyaya kubva mubhuku rake pamusoro pekupondwa kweYunivhesiti yeThammasat. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve zviitiko zvehutsinye zveGumiguru 6, 1976, tinya pane zvinongedzo pazasi.
Zvishoma zvinobatsira zviwanikwa
Vhidhiyo pfupi yemaminetsi mashanu yaThongchai achitaura nezve zvaakasangana nazvo mu'5:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1uvvsENsfw
Zvakawanda nezve Gumiguru 6:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre
Kana pano paThailandblog:
https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/6-oktober-1976-massamoord-thammasaat-universiteit/
Nhanganyaya yaThonchai muNguva dzekunyarara:
Bhuku iri rave rimwe remabasa ehupenyu hwangu. Iri pamusoro pehutsinye hwakaitika muBangkok mangwanani eChitatu, Gumiguru 6, 1976. Chiitiko icho Thailand yakaedza kusarangarira, asi ini handigone kuchikanganwa. Kubva ipapo hapana kana zuva rapfuura ndisina kumbofunga nezvazvo. Bhuku iri rakatora makore akawandisa kuti ripere. Wakanga uri mumvuri wakanditambudza mubasa rangu rose. (…)
Sezvo makore akapfuura, tariro yangu yechokwadi neruramisiro pamusoro pokupondwa kwaOctober 6 yakapera, uye kunyarara kwakanga kwakapoteredza kwakaramba kuchindinetsa. Thailand yaiita senge isina basa nezvekare. Vanhu vakaedza kuriviga. Justice hazvina basa. Nekudaro, ini ndinotenda kuti kunyarara pamusoro pekupondwa kunotaura zvinonzwika nezve nzanga yeThai nenzira dzinopfuura chiitiko chacho pachako: nezvechokwadi uye kururamisira, mabatiro anoita nzanga yeThai nekukakavadzana uye yakashata yayo yapfuura, nezvepfungwa dzekuyananisa, tsika yekusarangwa. nekodzero, uye nezvekutonga kwemutemo munyika. Zvese izvi zvakaita kuti chishuwo changu chekunyora nezve Gumiguru 6 zvakanyanya kusimba. (…)
Muna 1996, pamakore makumi maviri okupondwa kwacho, ndakatanga kuyeuka. Ndakanyora nyaya yechiitiko ichocho. (…) Kuti ndidzivise kuita sepembedzo yenguva yangu yakapfuura, chinyorwa chacho chakanyanya kunanga ndangariro dzechiitiko ichocho kupfuura zvakaitika kana kuti ndiani akaita zuva iroro. Vanhu vakawanda vakandikurudzira kuti ndishandure nyaya yacho kuva bhuku. (…)
Muna 2006 pfungwa dzangu netsvagiridzo zvakarongwa zvakanyanya asi Thailand yakapinda mudambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika [coup]. Chirongwa changu chakakanganiswawo neizvi sezvo vaimbove varwiri vezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuma2010 vakaita basa mukuderera kwedemocracy. Ndakaisa bhuku padivi kuti ndione kuti nyaya yevaimbove mhirizhonga yaizofamba sei. Manyoro asina kupera akarara padhesiki rangu kwechinguva. Zvinosuruvarisa, Bangkok yakaona kufa kwakawanda uye kumwe kuurayiwa muna 2016. Ndakafunga kusiya basa muna XNUMX kuti ndipedze bhuku. (…)
Basa rangu pachangu rinoramba riripo, ndinoda kusiya chimwe chinhu munyika ino kuchengetedza ndangariro dzeshamwari dzangu dzakadonha uye kuvaunzira kururamisira kwavanofanirwa, zvisinei kuti zvinotora nguva yakareba sei. Mumwe wangu ndichiri murwiri wezvamatongerwe enyika ari kuronga mabasa okurangarira, sezvandakaita kakawanda mumakore apfuura. Chimwe chikamu changu ndechemunyori wenhoroondo anoda kusiya mupiro wenyanzvi netarisiro yekuti ichabviswa pasherufu nguva nenguva kuitira kuti kuuraya kwaGumiguru 6 kurambe kuchizivikanwa mune ramangwana. Iropafadzo kumisa chirangaridzo kushamwari muchimiro chisingagumi chebhuku rakanaka, chimwe chinhu chiri pedyo zvikuru mumwoyo mangu somunyori wenhau. (…)
Mativi akaomesesa zvikuru [ekunyora bhuku rino] akanga ari emunhu oga neane njere. Ini handikwanise kutsanangura nemazwi mutengo wemanzwiro uye ndicho chikonzero nei chirongwa ichi chatora nguva yakareba kudaro. Ndakanga ndisingadi kunyora memoir yangu, kwete nekuora mwoyo, kwete nemanzwiro eugamba, kwete nemanzwiro ekuzvipa mhosva kana kutsiva. Semunyori wenhoroondo, ndaingoda kunyora chidzidzo chakakosha nezvekuchinja ndangariro dzakatenderedza hutsinye uhu. Zvakaoma, nekuti ndakanga ndisiri mutorwa, ndakasangana nazvo pachangu. Ini pachangu ndaiva nyaya yezviitiko zvandaida kunyora nezvayo senyanzvi. Mhinduro yakanga isiri kungochenjerera uye kuzvitsoropodza, asiwo kusarudza nzira yepakati pakati pekuve chapupu, mutori wechikamu uye munyori wenhoroondo. Chero ani anoti bhuku iri harisi redzidzo chete, ngazvive zvakadaro. Chimwe chikamu chemweya wangu chiri mubhuku iri. Sainzi nekuratidzira zvinogona kufamba zvakanaka pamwechete. (…)
Pasinei nemaitiro asina kujairika nekuda kwekupokana kuri pachinzvimbo chemunyori, zvakadaro ndinovimba kuti vaverengi vachawana bhuku iri rakakomba uye rakakosha. Ipfungwa dzemunyori wenhoroondo nezvechiitiko chaakaona uye nekushanduka kwendangariro kwaaive ari chikamu chayo. Kunyora bhuku iri kwave kuri chiitiko chinogutsa. Ndinogona kusanyatsogutsikana nazvo nekuda kwehutsinye uye kurasikirwa
zveshamwari dzangu zvandisingakwanisi kutaura. Asi ndinotenda kuti ndakazokwanisa kuudza nyika nyaya iyi, nyaya isingafaniri kukanganwa. Ndinovimba kuti ndangariro yokupondwa kwacho ichapfuurira chero bedzi bhuku iri riri pasherufu pane imwe nzvimbo munyika ino.
Thongchai
Bhuku: Thongchai Winichakul, Nguva dzekunyarara, Kusakanganwa kweGumiguru 6, 1976, Massacre muBangkok (2020, Silkworm Books / University of Hawaiʻi Press)
Bangkok's Thammasat University muna 2018 (Donlawath S / Shutterstock.com)
Mhirizhonga yacho inofanira kunge yaive yehutsinye ukaverenga macomments pano nepapo. Munyori haashandisi izwi rekuti 'kuurawa' pasina. Uye chakanyanya kushata ndechekuti, ma Ultras muThailand achiri kuita seanogona kuita zvechisimba nhasi, sekurova vana vechikoro nekuti havaimbi pamwe chete nerwiyo rwezuva nezuva rwenyika uye mambo zvinonzwika zvakakwana ...
Ndinovimba kuti bhuku riri muChirungu. Ndine account neSilkworm uye ichasvika muNetherlands mukati memazuva gumi nemana.
Zvakanyorwa neChirungu, mutauro wengirozi. Ndinoziva nezvemabhuku mashoma ari ese ari ega uye esainzi zvakanyanya.
Nyika imwe neimwe ine nhoroondo yayo 'yemaitiro', nhoroondo sezvainofanira kuva, mumaziso evatongi kazhinji kuchengetedza zita ravo uye renyika. Iyo Golden Age uye nguva yekoloni mienzaniso miviri yechiDutch. Dzimwe nguva pane kugadzirisa.
MuThailand, maitiro aya uye kuita kwayo kwakatosimba. Rega ndingotaura nezvebasa remadzimambo, kubva kuSukhotai, kuburikidza neAyutthaya kuenda kuBangkok. Rega nditaure ini:
Zviitiko izvi uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu paThammasaat University muna Gumiguru 6, 1976 hazviratidzike mugakava renhoroondo muThailand, uye kwete mumabhuku echikoro.
Apo isu maDutch tinogara tichiona nhoroondo yedu inopesana nemashure ekumukira kuSpain, Bumbiro reThorbecke uye Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Thailand inorambwa maonero iwayo ekare uye Thailand haigoni kutora zvidzidzo kubva kune izvozvi. Thai historiography yagara ichinyanya kusarudza; mafambiro aibva pasi haana kumbotaurwa nezvawo.
"Munhoroondo yese, Thailand yanga iine vanhu vazhinji uye mafambiro aitsvaga kuvandudza magariro, hupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika mamiriro ehuwandu. Vose vakadzvinyirirwa, vakavhiringidzwa, vakatukwa uye vakakanganwa.”
Iri bhuku rakaburitswa mudunhu reThailand neSilkworm, pasirese neHawaii Press. Ini (zvakare) ndinoda kutenga kuburikidza neSilkworm. Iri bhuku rinowanikwawo mudigital e-reader format. Iri ibhuku remanzwiro rinomutsa zvinorwadza "jecha pamusoro paro uye isu tichanyepedzera kunge hapana chaitika" maitiro akatevera dzinenge mhirizhonga yeropa uye kuuraya kwemazana zana apfuura. Dzimwe nguva nechikonzero chevarombo kuti chiBuddha ... (kwete, "zvakarurama" kuti vatadzi vanobatwa pamusoro pemisoro yavo, avo vanotambudzwa vanongova "zvisina tsika" tsvina ...)
Ndakatanga kuverenga bhuku. Chokwadi zvinoshungurudza zvakanyanya zvakaitika ipapo uye mibvunzo mizhinji isina kumbopindurwa. Zvikuru inhoroondo yomunhu oga yomumwe wevakabatwa noutsinye hwacho. Ndiwo maverengero andiri kuita.
Zvisinei, ndine kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvebhuku racho. Ndakanga ndiri uye ndiri muyemuro mukuru wenyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakadai saMax Weber naNorbert Elias. Ose ari maviri akandipwisa kuti zvese zviri zviviri kubatanidzwa uye kureba zvakakosha pabasa resainzi chairo. (Musayendisiti haakwanisi kuva mumiririri). Kubatanidzwa ('manzwiro') muchidzidzo chekudzidza kwakakosha, asiwo chinhambwe chakakwana kuti uedze marudzi ese edzidziso nefungidziro, kusanganisira izvo zvauri kuvenga iwe pachako.
Tongchai haana chinhambwe ichocho (chinopupurirwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekutanga kwebhuku raanotaura pamusoro pekurwiswa kwevadzidzi) uye haakwanisi kupiwa mhosva pane izvozvo zvachose. Angadai akaita zviri nani kunyora bhuku sememo uye kukumbira munyori wenhoroondo ane chinhambwe kuti anyore rimwe bhuku.