Kuderera kweMusha Buddhism

Tino Kuis anotsanangura kuti tsika yeBuddhism yakachinja sei mumakore makumi mashanu ekutanga ezana remakore rechi20. Kuchinja uku kwakabatana nekuedza kweBangkok kuwedzera simba rayo pamusoro peThailand yose.

Mumongi anorangarira nezve Songkran muIsan munenge muna 1925:

Zvakanga zvisina basa kuti mamongi kana kuti vacheche vaitanga kumwaya mvura kuvakadzi kana kuti vakadzi ndivo vaitanga. Zvose zvakabvumirwa mushure mekutanga. Mbatya dzemamongi nemidziyo yavo mukutis yavo yainge yatota. Vakadzi vakamhanya vachitevera mamongi pavakadzokera. Dzimwe nguva vaingobata hembe dzavo.
Kana vakabata mumongi aigona kusungirirwa padanda rekuti. Pavaivhima, vakadzi vacho dzimwe nguva vairasa mbatya dzavo. Mamongi ndiwo aigara akakundwa mumutambo uyu kana kuti vakarega nekuti madzimai aivakurira. Vakadzi vakatamba mutambo wekuhwina.

Kana mutambo wacho wapera, mumwe munhu aitora vakadzi nezvipo zvemaruva nerusenzi kuti akumbire mamongi ruregerero. Zvagara zvakadaro.

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura, zviremera zvechiBhudha muBangkok zvakatumira vaongorori munyika yacho kuti vaongorore maitiro emamongi ari kunharaunda yenyika ichiri kusimukira yeThai. Vakaodzwa mwoyo nemaitiro emamongi ekuChamhembe nekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Vakaona mamongi achironga mitambo, vachizvivakira temberi, vachirima minda yemupunga, vachitora rutivi mumakwikwi okukwasva (vanorwisana nevakadzi, pazvinhu zvose), kuridza zviridzwa zvemimhanzi nokudzidzisa unyanzvi hwokurwa. Mukuwedzera, mamongi aiva (mishonga) vanachiremba, vanachipangamazano uye vadzidzisi.

Munzvimbo nemisha iyo nyika yeThai yakanga isati yapinda, iyi Buddhism yaive nehunhu hwakasiyana uye hwakasiyana, hwakasiyana kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo nemusha. Pakupedzisira, Buddhism yemumusha yakabviswa nehurongwa hwehurumende huripo. Izvi zvakaitika mumakore 1900 kusvika 1960, apo nyika yakatangawo kuisa simba rayo pamusoro peThailand yese. Chiitiko chazvino cheBuddhism, uye kunyanya icho chemonasticism, iyo Sangha, muThailand mhedzisiro yemitemo yakatemerwa kubva kuBangkok padivi. Izvi zvakatungamirira kune yunifomu uye tsika dzechiBuddha dzehurumende dzatinoona nhasi. Ndinodaidza nyika iyoyo kuti Buddhism.

Vateereri vane chido, vanonzwira tsitsi

Pamusoro takaverenga kuti mamongi akapinda sei muSongkraan. Mumwe muenzaniso wakasimba une chokuita nokuparidzwa kwedhamma, Kudzidzisa (kwechiBuddha). Izvi zvaiwanzoitwa nekuratidza zvinoshamisa kuzvarwa kwekare kwaBuddha. Kunyanya kufarirwa kwaive kuzvarwa kwekupedzisira kwaBuddha, iyo inofanirwa kumiririra rupo.

MuCentral Thai iyo Mahachaat (Kuberekwa Kukuru) uye muna Isa Pha Law zvakataurwa, ndezvemuchinda anopa zvinhu zvose, nzou chena kune mumwe muchinda, zvishongo zvake kune mupemhi uye gare gare kunyange mudzimai wake nevana. Mufananidzo uyu wakaitwa nemumongi semutambi, achiperekedzwa nezviridzwa zvemimhanzi nevateereri vanofarira, vanonzwira tsitsi.

Zvakare masisita echikadzi, mae chie vaiva chikamu chinokosha chenzanga yechiBuddha. Vaiwanzoremekedzwa sezvinongoitawo varume vavaishanda navo.

Vaongorori vakawana maitiro aya achidzinga, anoregeredza uye asiri maBhudha. Asi vagari vomumusha wacho vaizviona zvakasiyana. Vakanga vakabatana zvakanyanya nemamongi. Paive nehukama hwakachinjika, mumongi aive mumwe nevagari vemusha. Vagari vemo vakachengeta mamongi uye mamongi aichengeta vagari vomumusha. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pakanga pasina simba pamusoro pemumongi wemusha. Ichi chimiro chechiBuddha chakadokunyangarika chose chose. Uyu musha wakakurumbira Buddhism wakatsiviwa neBuddhism yenyika yeBangkok.

Kutya kwakandikunda, ndakabuda dikita

Mumusha Buddhism the thudong mamongi anoita basa rinokosha. Tinogona kutsanangura mamongi eThudong semamongi anodzungaira. Rinobva paizwi rekuti Pali dhuta 'kurega, kusiya' uye anga 'Mindset' uye vaive chikamu chakakosha uye chakakosha chemusha weBuddhism.

Kunze kwekunaya kwemvura kwemwedzi mitatu, pavaidzidzisa mutemberi, vaidzungaira nomumasango makuru panguva iyoyo kuChamhembe neKuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweThailand vachienda kumatunhu eShan (zvino ari muBurma) neLaos. Chinangwa chaiva chekudzidzisa pfungwa dzavo uye kuchenesa pfungwa dzavo kuburikidza nekufungisisa. Ivo vaidavira kuti panguva iyeyo vaigona kukurira nhamo, rutyo, miedzo, uye ngozi norugare rwendangariro.

Anenge mamongi gumi aidzungaira akasiya zvinyorwa umo vakarondedzera zvinoitika zvavo uye izvo zvinopawo mamwe mashoko pamusoro pechiBuddha chomumusha. Masango akanga ari nzvimbo dzine ngozi. Mhuka dzesango dzakaita sengwe, nzou, ingwe, mapere nenyoka dzaive dzichiri kuwanda uye mamongi aigara achisangana nazvo. Izvi ndizvo zvinonyorwa nemumongi Chaup nezve kusangana kwakadai (vanowanzo nyora nezvavo mumunhu wechitatu, ndichazviita munhu wekutanga):

'Munzira yaiva pamberi pangu pakamira ingwe yakakura kunge nzou. Pandakacheuka ndakaona imwe ingwe. Vakaswedera pedyo neni zvishoma nezvishoma ndokumira zvishoma kubva pandaiva. Kutya kwakabva kwandikurira, ndakabuda dikita. Nekuomerwa ndakaisa pfungwa dzangu. Ndakanyatsomira ndikatanga kufungisisa. ndinotuma mettaa karoena, mutsa worudo kumhuka dzose dzomusango. Mushure memaawa mashoma ndakapepuka ndokuona ingwe dzanyangarika.[end box]

Zvirwere zvakaita se'jungle fever' (zvichida marariya) nemanyoka, asiwo nzara nenyota zvakanga zvakajairika. Ngozi dzomukati dzimwe nguva dzaityisidzira zvakaenzana. Vakawanda vakakurirwa nemirangariro yokusurukirwa. Vamwe vakarondedzera kuti vakakurirwa sei nechishuvo chevatano. Monk Cha akanyora kuti:

Panguva yandaiita mabasa angu, pakabva paita imwe tsvarakadenga yakanditarisa ndokugadzirisa sarong kuti ndinyatsoona kuzasi kwayo yakashama. Masikati uye muhope dzangu ndaimuona pabonde pamberi pangu kwemazuva neusiku. Zvakanditorera mazuva gumi ekufungisisa zvakanyanya ndisati ndabvisa mifananidzo iyoyo.

Vagabonds uye mamongi anoregeredza

Mumakore ekumaXNUMX nemaXNUMX, masango mazhinji akanga atemwa, mamongi aidzungaira akanga achembera zvikuru uye aigara zvachose mutemberi. Mushure mekunge vanzi vagabonds uye mamongi akarembera, vanhu vemutaundi vakangoerekana vaona mamongi aya sevasande. Mambo akavashanyira muFrao (Chiang Mai) uye muSakon Nakhorn (Isan). Magwaro mazhinji akatsaurirwa kwavari, mazango akatengeswa nemari yakawanda uye mabhazi akatakura vatendi aifamba achienda kuChamhembe nekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.

Mumwe mutana aidzungaira akagomera panguva iyoyo:

'Vanotitarisa kunge boka retsoko. Pamwe vangandikandirawo banana pandinenge ndava nenzara.'

Mumwe akataura nezvevashanyi ava:

'Havasi kunyatsoda kuteerera Dhamma, Dzidziso. Ivo vanoda kuwana hunhu asi havadi kusiya huipi hwavo kana kupa chero chinhu pazviri. Vanofunga kuti vanogona kutenga hunhu nemari pasina nhamburiko ipi neipi.”

Uye Luang Pu Waen muFrao akaramba kukomborera mazango:

'Mazango anoyera haakoshi. Dhamma chete, Dzidziso, inoera. Dzidzira zvakwana.'

Kubva kuBuddhism mumusha kuenda kuBuddhism yenyika

VaThai vanodada zvikuru kuti havana kumbobvira vatorwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vamwe vanotsanangura nguva yakazotevera 1850 uye mushure me1950 semi-colonial, apo kutanga maBritish uyezve maAmerican vaive nesimba guru pazvematongerwo enyika eThai.

Asi chinonyanya kukosha imhedziso iyo nzvimbo huru dzeThailand dzakatambura kubva kupinda mukati. Neizvi ndinoreva kuti boka diki revatongi vehumambo kubva kuBangkok vakaisa kuda kwavo uye tsika nehunhu hwavo panharaunda yakakura yenyika inosimukira yeThai nenzira yakaenda kure kupfuura kuumbwa kwemasimba eWestern.

Idzi nzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa dzaive kuChamhembe nekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Vashandi vehurumende, uye mumashure mavo masoja, mapurisa nevadzidzisi, vakatumirwa kunharaunda munguva ye1900 kusvika 1960 uye vakatora mabasa ekutonga kubva kuvakuru nevatongi venzvimbo. Izvi hazvina kuitika zvachose pasina kushorwa: kumukirana kwakawanda muNorth neNortheast mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 kunoratidza izvi.

Chinhu chimwe chetecho chakaitika nechiBuddha. Munguva iyoyo, mamongi omumusha akatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemamongi ehurumende. Mamongi chete anobva kuBangkok ndiwo akapiwa kodzero yekutanga mamwe mamongi. Kufungisisa uye thudong tsika yakatsinhaniswa nekudzidza magwaro echiBuddha Pali uye vhiniya, chirango chemutsara 227 chemamongi. The vinaya yaifanira kuverengwa zuva nezuva mutemberi uye ichinyatsocherechedzwa. Kuita kwakakwana kwemitemo netsika kwakaiswa pamusoro pemutemo wepamusoro-soro, Dhamma, zvinoreva tsitsi uye mettaa karoena, rudo-mutsa. Mitsetse mishoma kubva ku vhinaya:

'dzidzisa asingapfuure mazwi matanhatu akatevedzana eDhamma kumukadzi'

'dzidzisa bhikkhuni (mumongi wechikadzi akazara) kwete pakati pousiku

'Usaseka zvikuru munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda'

'Usataure wakazara muromo'

'Usabate mukadzi'

'Usadzidzisa Dhamma kune ani zvake akamira, akagara pamusoro kana akarara pasi, akapfeka ngowani kana mumotokari (kunze kwekunge achirwara)

Mamongi emumusha uye thudong mamongi kazhinji kazhinji akanga asingazivi mitemo yose iyi kana kuti akanga asina chishuvo chokuishandisa.

Muna 1941 muzivikanwi wacho akabvunzwa thudong Monk Man anobvumirana neizvi mutembere yeBoromniwat muBangkok:

'Ndakanzwa kuti iwe unongotevera mutemo mumwe chete kwete iyo 227 mitemo. Ichokwadi here?’ akabvunza mumwe mumongi

“Hongu, ndinongotevedzera mutemo mumwe chete uye ndiwo mufungo,” akapindura Man.

'Ko nezvemitemo 227?'

'Ndinochengetedza pfungwa dzangu kuti ndirege kufunga, kutaura uye kuita zvinopesana nezvinodzidziswa naBuddha. Hazvina mhosva kuti chirango chacho chine mitemo 227 kana kupfuura. Kungwara kunonditadzisa kutyora mitemo. Munhu wese anekodzero yekufunga kuti ndiri kutadzira 227 zvirevo.

Imwe thudong monk, Bua, anotsanangura mhemberero:

Mamongi e thudong aive akapusa. Vakabata shinda inoyera muruoko rusina kururama uye vatsigiri vemhemberero vakashandura nzira isiri iyo kune vateereri. Vateereri nemamwe mamongi vakanyara, asi izvozvo hazvina kunetsa mamongi e<em>thudong. Vakaramba vakafanana.

Pano tinoona chibvumirano chikuru neBuddhism yehurumende, iyo inosimbisa kuchengetwa kwakakwana kwemitemo chete.

State Buddhism yakaramba ichisimbisa hukuru hwemamongi pane vanhuwo zvavo. Mamongi akange asisatore chinzvimbo ichi kubva mumvumo nekushandira pamwe nevamwe vavo vemumusha, asi kubva pabvunzo dzePali uye kubva kumazita nerukudzo rwakapihwa neBangkok. Hutungamiriri hwakasimba hwakaunzwa, chiremera chose chakabva kuBangkok Sangha Council, kanzuru inoumbwa nevakuru kuvarume vakura zvikuru vakagadzwa nehurumende. Nyika uye monasticism zvakave zvakabatana. Mamongi akaiswa pachigadziko chisingabatike uye akaparadzaniswa kubva kune vakatendeka. Fomu rakava rakakosha kupfuura zvemukati.

Iwoyo ndiwo muitiro wechiBuddha watinoona zvino, unonzi zvisiri izvo chiBuddha chegamuchidzanwa, uye wakasiana zvikuru nechiBuddha chomumusha.

Main source: Kamala Tiyavanich, Forrest Recollections. Vanodzungaira Mamongi muTwentieth-Century Thailand, Silkworm Books, 1997

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