Mabhomba paBangkok

Iyo RAF's Blenheims yaive ndege yekutanga kurwisa Bangkok muna Ndira 1942 Mufananidzo: Australian War Memorial

Pakati paNyamavhuvhu, makuva emauto eAllied eKanchanaburi neChungkai netsika vanorangarira kupera kweHondo Yenyika yechipiri muAsia. Chinotariswa ndechekuti-zvinenge zvisingadzivisiki, ndingati - pane zvinosuruvarisa zvevaAllied vasungwa vehondo vakamanikidzwa kuita basa rekumanikidzwa nemaJapan, kusanganisira panguva yekuvakwa kweiyo yakashata Thai-Burma njanji, njanji yekubatanidza paKraistmus uye. munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mauto eJapan nemisasa yechibharo zvaigona kuwanikwa zvakapararira muThailand yose. Inenge isingambofi iri nhamba yevanenge 100.000 inofungidzirwa Romusha, vashandi vokuAsia vakafira mubasa rimwe chetero romuranda. Vakakanganwa zvachose ndevevanhu vekuThai vakawirwa nenjodzi dzakateedzana dzeAllied air kurwiswa pazvinangwa zveJapan muThailand.

Pakarepo mushure mekukunda kweAllied, Thailand yakaedza kukanganwa maitiro ayo panguva yeWWII, iyo inogona kurondedzerwa seisinganzwisisike. Uye nekuda kweizvozvo, vakakuvadzwa vaifanirawo kudzimwa kubva mundangariro dzakabatana nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Nzira yekubata neyekare yandinogona kungozvidemba, uye zvirokwazvo kwete chete kubva pakuona kwenhoroondo.

Japan yakapinda nechisimba muThailand pana Zvita 8, 1941, uye yakakunda zuva rimwe chetero. Mumazuva ekutanga nemavhiki apo hondo yakarwiwa munzvimbo ino yenyika, mauto eJapan muThailand aigara achirwiswa kubva mumhepo neBritish Royal Air Force (RAF) kubva kunzvimbo dzawo muBurma neIndia. Musi waNdira 7, 1942, Bangkok yakaonekwa kekutanga panguva yekurwiswa kwehusiku kwakaitwa British Royal Air Force. Ndege gumi dzeBristol Blenheim dzaibhomba, dzakatsigirwa neimwe ndege kubva kuAmerican Volunteer Group, dzakanga dzasimuka kubva panzvimbo yadzo muYangon husiku huno kurwisa mauto, kusanganisira Dong Muang airport muBangkok. Husiku hwaNdira 24 kusvika 25, sere RAF Blenheims vakatora zvakare. Kurwisa kwekupedzisira kweBlenheims paBangkok kwakaitika mazuva matatu gare gare. Aya mabhomba aive chikamu chekuedza kusina zvibereko kumisa kana kudzikamisa mafambiro aiita seasingamisiki eJapan muBurma. Muna Ndira 1942 Japanese XV^e Mauto aitungamirirwa naGeneral Shōjirō Iida akapinda muBurma achibva kuchamhembe kweThailand.

B29 iri kugadzirira kurwiswa (Australian War Memorial)

Mukupera kwechirimo cha1942, maAllies akanga arasikirwawo nebhesi dzendege dzeMergui, Rangoon uye Magway, pakati pevamwe, nekuda kwekurasikirwa neBurma. Mushure mokudzokera shure kwemauto eBritish kuIndia, zvakatora nguva yakareba kuti mabhesi ekuchamhembe kweIndia akapoteredza Calcutta (yava kunzi Kolkata) asati anyatsoshanda. Yangogadzirira kushandiswa, yakazova iyo hombe spoilsport zvakare. Nguva yekunaya kwemvura yakanga yatanga nesimba uye mamiriro ekunze akaipa aiita kuti ndege irambe iri pasi mazuva mazhinji. Rutivi rwakanaka rweizvi rwakanga rwuri rwekuti nzvimbo yekufema iyi yakapa maAllies nguva yakakodzera yekumisikidza mamwe mabhesi emhepo uye kuvaka nhandare dzendege muAssam, India. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvitsigiso zvitsva, zvichangobva kusvika zvinogonawo kudzidziswazve nokuda kwezvinetso zvakavamirira.

Mushure mekupera kwemwaka wekunaya kwemvura, kubva munaGunyana 1942 zvichienda mberi, kurwiswa kwakarongeka kwezvinangwa zvakafanosarudzwa muBurma kwakatanga. Mafambiro endege akakura achipikisana neThailand kwanga kusiri kurongwa nekuti madaro aifanirwa kuvharwa aive akakurisa kundege panguva iyoyo. Nekuda kwezvinomera muBurma, pakanga paine zvishoma zvinozivikanwa tactical tactical targets. Vatyairi veAllied saka vaifanira kuzvigutsa pachavo nekurwiswa kwemitsara yekutaurirana, migwagwa, njanji nenzizi uye zvigaro zvemauto zveJapan zvakaita senhandare dzendege. Nzvimbo yakapoteredza Rangoon neMandalay zvikurukuru yakanga yakanangwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, veAmerica vakatora danho USAAF Gumi Air Force musi waZvita 26, 1942, kurwiswa kwekutanga paBangkok nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza umo Hua Lamphong Station, kuisirwa kwechiteshi cheKlong Toey uye chiteshi chemagetsi muguta guru ndizvo zvakanangwa zvikuru. Musi waApril 21, 1943, ndege ina dzeAmerica B-24 dzakabhomba Bangsue Arsenal muBangkok, uko kwaichengeterwa midziyo yeuto reJapan nezvinhu zvikuru. Nekudaro, yakaramba yakanyarara pamusoro peguta guru reThai kwemwedzi misere inotevera. Kumiswa-kwenguva-pfupi kwekushanda kwemhepo kwaive nezvakawanda zvekuita nemadaro akareba uye mamiriro ekunze aiwanzoipa.

Kupisa zvinhu zvechiJapan muChumpon

Kubva muna Zvita 19, 1943, ese maRAF Squadrons muIndia akava pasi pe... RAF Yechitatu Tactical Air Force, kuti pamwe chete nezvikamu zve USAAF Gumi Air Force it Joint Allied Eastern Air Commando akaumba uye akaronga mabasa ese muSouth Asia. Chimwe chezvakakosha zveJoint Allied Eastern Air Command yaive yekuenderera mberi nekusimudzira mauto eAllied air forces muIndia. Pakasvika muchirimo cha1943, mauto ari pasi pemakumi mana akanga akamira ipapo. Pakupera kwa1944 pakanga zvino makumi matanhatu. Izvi de facto zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwesimba rekushanda uye, kuwedzera kuBurma, Thailand ikozvino yakauyawo zvakanyanya mukutarisa.

Uye izvo zvakabva zvauya - masanga kana kwete - pane imwecheteyo 19^e Zvita 1943. Zuva iroro, vatyairi veAllied vakaita mhirizhonga yehusiku pachiteshi chengarava cheBangkok. Mazuva mana gare gare yaive Hua Lamphong chiteshi chakauya mumeso avo zvakare. Musi wa10 Ndira, 1944, maAmerican haana kurwisa Don Muang chete asiwo akadonhedza zvimbambaira zvakawanda mumuromo meRwizi rweChao Phraya. Kwapera vhiki zvakazoitika zvakare: Apo mauto, matura ezvombo uye maworkshops muSongkhla aibhombwa, mabhomba ekuAmerica B-24 akarwisa zvakare Don Muang nechiteshi chiri padyo. Kupambwa kutsva paBangkok kwakatevera muna Kukadzi 9 na10. Musi waKurume 15, ndege yeP-51 Mustang yakarwisa zvakare Don Muang nendege dzinoverengeka dzakagadziridzwa dzeJapan munzvimbo yeBangkok nechinangwa chekuparadza ndege zhinji dzevavengi pasi sezvinobvira. Yakanga iri budiriro, sezvakaratidzwa neSilver Star iyo General Levi Chase, murume akaronga uye akatungamira kurwisa uku, akapihwa mushure mekupambwa. Muna Kubvumbi, vatyairi vendege vekuAmerica vakaisa pfungwa dzavo kuNakhon Sawan uko kwaiva nemuzinda weJapan. Musi waApril 4, 14 mabhomba akarwisa izvi uye chaizvo vhiki gare gare kurwisa kwechipiri kwakateverwa nendege shanu.

Mhepo inorova mabhiriji pamusoro peChao-Phraya (Mufananidzo: Australian War Memorial)

Kusvika iye zvino, kurwiswa kwese uku kwemhepo kwakanga kwaitwa pamwero muduku, asi zvakachinja musi waJune 5, 1944. Zuva iro, kekutanga, kurwiswa kwemhepo kukuru chaiko kwakaitwa paBangkok neB-29'.Vadivelu Comedy Super FortressneUS58^e Air Division motokari XX^e  Bomber Raira. Ndege makumi mapfumbamwe nesere dzakatora chikamu mukurwisa uku kwakarairwa naGeneral LaVerne Saunders, mukuru wemakumi mashanu nesere.^e Air Division. Uku kurwiswa kweguta guru reThai raive basa rine njodzi nekuti kureba uko nekudzoka kwaive kwendege idzi dzinorema, dzaisave nechikonzero. Flying Fortresses dzakadudzwa, makiromita emhepo 2.261 77, daro gurusa rakanga rambofukidzwa navatyairi vendege veAllied kusvikira kunguva iyoyo. Ndege makumi manomwe nenomwe chete dzakasvika kuBangkok, vamwe vese vakatozosiya nekuda kwezvinetso zvehunyanzvi. Nekuda kwekusaonekwa kushoma nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akaipa, mabhomba gumi nemasere chete akarova chinangwa chaidiwa: njanji yeMakasan. Mamwe mabhomba akarova chipatara chemauto nedzimbahwe reKempeitai, mapurisa emauto eJapan aivengwa. Pakudzoka ndege, ndege makumi mana nembiri dzaifanira kuendeswa kune dzimwe nhandare dzendege nekuda kwekushomeka kwemafuta. Ndege shanu dzeidzi dzakadonha pakumhara. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, vatyairi veAllied vanga varatidza kuti Bangkok yaisvikika uye nekudaro Thai-Burma Railway neKra Railway, izvo zvaive zvakanyanya kukosha pakupihwa kwemauto eJapan uye zvekushandisa kuBurma, zvino zvakatanga kutarisisa kwekutanga. nguva yeAllied air forces. Mugwagwa mukuru unobva kuBangkok uchienda kuChiang Mai uye mabhiriji ari paiyi nzira yakakosha yekugovera zvino anogona zvakare kuvimba nekutarisisa kwakasarudzika kwevagadziri veAllied.

Bhiriji panjanji yeThai-Burma iri mumoto (Mufananidzo: Australian War Memorial)

Mumwedzi yakatevera, kwete chete njanji yeThai-Burma asiwo zvivakwa zvekutakura zvinhu zvakabatana nenjanji iyi zvakapisa moto kubva kune vatyairi veAllied. Kurwiswa uku kwakaitwa kuve nyore zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi hwakaitwa neWing Commander James Blackburn, mutungamiriri we159.^e Squadron Royal Air Force akanga apinda. Ichi chikwata, icho chaiva neB-24 mabhomba marefu-refu, chave chichishanda mumhepo yeBurmese kubva pakupera kwa1942. Nekuedza ne kutonga kwechikepe uye nekuwedzera mamwe matangi emafuta, Blackburn yakanga yawedzera bhomba rayo Vasununguri inogona kukurumidza kubva pa1.350 kg kusvika pa3.650 kg ine huwandu hwe1.770 km. Izvi zvakaunza njanji yese yeThai-Burma uye kunyangwe mayadhi akakosha akakosha pachiteshi cheBangkok zviri nyore kusvika kwavari. Iyi unit yaivewo imwe yekutanga kushandisa kuyedza 'Spike Bombs' vakakwanisa kuwana zvibodzwa zvakanaka. Aya mabhomba akadzivirira, sezvaiwanzoitika, purojekiti kubva pakubhururuka kubva pachitima panguva yekurwiswa kwe diving nekuputira padivi penjanji.

Kusvika kwaMarch 1944 kwemusangano Bristol Beaufighters yakagadzirirwa 27^e mu 177^e RAF Squadrons zvakanyanya kuwedzera simba ravo rinorova. Aya mabhomba anomhanyisa anogonawo kushandiswa zvakakwana sendege dzehondo. Ne 20 mm yavo. pfuti nepfuti, vakaratidza kuve vakashongedzerwa zvakanakisa kurwisa nekuparadza zvitima nezvimwe zvinotenderera. MaJapan akakurumidza kuvapa zita renhetembo 'Kuzevezera Rufu'. Kutamiswa kwehuwandu hwezvikamu zveAmerica kuenda kuChina kwakadzora muhondo yemhepo kurwisa njanji yeThai-Burma mushure mekurwiswa kukuru kwekupedzisira njanji musi wa14 Nyamavhuvhu 1944. MaJapan akatora mukana weizvi kupfuura zvakapetwa kaviri njanji yavo kusvika ku1944 matani kubva Nyamavhuvhu kusvika Zvita 113.000. Asi izvo zvakangokonzerwa nekudzikiswa kwekanguva kweAllied air force, nekuti mushure maizvozvo yaive ameni uye kunze kwenjanji.

Mauto emuchadenga eAllied akaita zvese zvaaigona kuti atsaure mauto eJapan muBurma nepaaigona napo uye kuparadza mitsetse yavo yekugovera. Nechekare mukutanga kwechirimo cha1945, mishoni dzakati wandei dze493 dzakabva paPandeveswar Airfield muIndia.^e Bomb Squadron US Air Force iyo yakanangana nehurongwa hwechitima muBurma neThailand. B-24s, yakashandurwa zvakanyanya nekuda kweichi chinangwa, yakaitwa kurwiswa neshanduko Azon mabhomba. Aya aive mabhomba ekutanga anotungamirwa neredhiyo ayo maAmerican aive agadzira uye precursors yezvino '.mabhomba akangwara'. Aya mabhomba aive akanyatsokodzera kurwisa zvibodzwa zvakarebesa uye nhete zvakaita semabhiriji nenjanji. Kushata kwechombo ichi, zvisinei, kwaive kuti mudziyo wakadonhedza mabhomba aya waifanira kuramba uchitenderedza pamusoro pechinhu chaive chapfurwa kwenguva refu nekuti aimbovavarira bhomba aifanira kudzora purojekiti nemaoko, izvo zvakawedzera mukana wekurohwa nemoto unorwisa ndege. Aive aya mabhomba anotungamirwa nerunhare akakonzera rufu nekuparadza panjanji yeThai-Burma mumwedzi yakatevera.

Kubva pana February 12, 1945, njanji yeThai-Burma yakanga yava iyo inonyanya kukosha. Mu appendikisi A kune memo kubva ku Chief Operations kubva ku Akabatana neAllied Eastern Air Command mumwe anogona kuverenga zvinotevera: 'Nekuda kwekuti njanji iyi inopa mikana yakanakisa yekuvharisa kana kuparadza njanji, isu tinokurudzira kushanda zuva nezuva kurwisa zvikamu zvakakodzera zvemutsetse pakati peBan Pong neThanbyuzayat pachinzvimbo chepakati peThanbyuzayat nePegu kana Ban Pong uye. Bangkok.'

Kubva pakuona kwemaitiro zvaive zvakakosha kuti mabhiriji maviri pamusoro peRwizi Kwae paTha Makham abviswe. American Air Force yakanga yatoedza kuparadza mabhiriji aya muna Mbudzi 29, 1944, asi yakangokwanisa kukuvadza zvishoma. Vasungwa vehondo gumi nevapfumbamwe vakaurayiwa uye makumi matanhatu nevasere vakakuvadzwa mukurwisa uku. Vanhu vanosvika makumi maviri nevasere veRomusha - vekuAsia vakaurayiwawo mumhirizhonga iyi uye vamwe vavo vasingazivikanwe vakakuvara. Mukurwiswa kutsva munaFebruary 68, gumi nevaviri vakakuvara zvakare uye maJapan akatamisa misasa yebasa pabhiriji kuzasi kuChungkai. Izvi hazvina kunyanyokurumidza nekuti kurwiswa kutsva kwakatevera muna Kukadzi 28 naKubvumbi 5, nepo kurwiswa kwekupedzisira kwaChikumi 13 kwakakuvadza mabhiriji maviri asingagadzirike.

Nenzira isingadzivisiki, kurwisa kwemuchadenga uku kwakakonzerawo kufa kwevasungwa vehondo veRomusha neAllied. Pashure pokurangarira zvose, vaJapan vakanga vabvumira namaune misasa yakawanda sezvinobvira kuvapo pedyo nenjanji vachikarira kuti njanji yaizopukunyuka kubhomba. Tiine ruzivo urwu mupfungwa, zvinoshamisa kuti hapana michinjikwa yebhuruu yakapendwa chero kupi zvako pamatenga edzimba dzevasungwa - sezvakabvumiranwa pasi rose - kuratidza kuti idzi dzaive misasa yevasungwa ... Kakawanda, misasa yechibharo yakarohwawo nekuti ivo. vakarangarirwa semabharaki emauto, asi mazana evasungwa vehondo nevaromusha vakaurayiwawo panguva yekupambwa kwezvivanze zvenjanji nezviteshi zvemashalling. Munguva yekubhomba kweNong Pladuk chete usiku hwaGunyana 6 kusvika 7, 1944, vanopfuura mazana maviri romusha nevasungwa vehondo vakaurayiwa uye vanopfuura mazana matatu vakakuvadzwa. Dzimwe nguva, vashandi vakafawo apo maJapan akavamanikidza kubvisa duds, kureva mabhomba asina kuputika.

Mwedzi yekupedzisira yehondo haina kureva kuti vatyairi veAllied vakanonoka, pane zvinopesana. Kunze kwekurwiswa nguva dzose munzira dzenjanji uye nzira dzekupa, mabhomba eAmerica akarwisa Chumpon kaviri muna Kukadzi 1945. MunaKurume, kurwiswa kuviri kwakatangwa pabhiriji renjanji pedyo neSurat Thani. Ndege yeB-24 yakabatanidzwa mukurwisa uku kuviri kwekupedzisira yakakwanisa kuramba iri mudenga kwemaawa anopfuura 17 panguva yekushanda uku, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva nguva yekubhururuka kwerekodhi kune mabhomba makuru.

Makiyi paBangkok akarwiswa muna Kubvumbi 1945 (Australian War Memorial)

Musi waKubvumbi 14, kurwisa kwechipiri kwakakura nemabhomba eB-29 paBangkok kwakatevera. Yakanga iri budiriro yakakwana uye zviteshi zviviri zvemagetsi zveguta zvakaparadzwa. Guta guru reThai rakanga risiri risina simba kwemazuva, zvichiita kuti guta rirambe rakasviba usiku uye tram traffic kusvika pakumira kwakakwana, asiwo pasina mvura ... Kurwiswa uku kwaivawo kwekupedzisira pamusoro peguta guru vasati vazvipira maJapan muna August 1945. Zvisinei, izvi zvaisareva kuti mabhomba akatevera kune imwe nzvimbo muThailand. Somuenzaniso, musi waApril 18, RAF Vasununguri migero nemakiyi zvakabatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana makiromita makumi mashanu kubva kuguta guru. Kwete chete zvivakwa zvakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya paKlong Phasi Charoen, asi akawanda emabhoti akanyudzwa.

Musi waSeptember 9, 1945, ndege yekutanga yeBritish yakamhara paDon Muang. Munguva yenguva pfupi yekugara kweBritish kuThailand kwaive kumusha kune matatu eRAF squadrons. Ndege yekupedzisira yeBritish yakabva kuBangkok muna Ndira 1946.

Maererano nomushumo wakaitwa neBritish Military Intelligence muna December 1945, 1943 18.583 dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadonhedzwa muThailand pakati pa8.711 nekupera kwehondo. Izvi zvakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vanosvika 9.616 617 uye kuparadzwa kwezvivakwa 73 173, marori 1.194, zvitima XNUMX nedzimwe motokari XNUMX dzisina kutaurwa. Zvivakwa XNUMX zvakakuvadzwa asi hazvina kuparadzwa.

Kufa kwekupedzisira kweAllied mabhomba kwakaitika muna Kubvumbi 2, 2014 muBangkok mushure mekunge vashandi vadonhedza bhomba rendege rairema 250 kg. Vakanga vachiwana ndokuenda nacho kumusangano wevatengesi vesimbi. Vanhu vanosvika 7 vakaurayiwa uye 19 vakakuvara mushure mekunge vaedza kucheka bhomba kuita zvidimbu netochi yekucheka ...