Usangongoti stupa kune chedi

Wat Phra Pathom Chedi

Iwe haugone kuzvipotsa muThailand; iyo chedis, musiyano wemunharaunda wezvinozivikanwa munyika yose - kunze kweTibet (chorten), Sri Lanka (dagaba) kana Indonesia (candi), se stupas, zvimiro zvakatenderera zvine zvinyorwa zveBuddhist kana, se. mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakare zvisaririra zvakapiswa zveVakuru veNyika nehama dzavo.

Iyo stupas kana chedis inogona kunge yakasimuka kubva kune tumuli, akatenderera mirwi yekuvigwa iyo yakamiswa munguva dzekare muIndia pamusoro pezvakapiswa zvakasara zveeremits kana hermits. Aya makuva ane denga, aiwanzovakwa pamusoro penzvimbo ine mativi mana akaenzana, airangarirwa senzvimbo dzinoyera uye aiwanzova musimboti wokunamatira.

Mushure mekufa kwaSiddhartha Gautama Buddha, maererano netsika, anenge makore 370 nguva yedu isati yasvika, madota ake nezvimwe zvisaririra zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga naye zvakavigwa muchedis. Ikoku kwakanga kuri pachena pakuona kwokutanga, asi sezviri pachena kwakanga kune vazhinji vakadanwa uye vashomanene vakasarudzwa kugamuchira rutivi rwechitunha chake. Yakanga iri pedyo nehondo yevagari vemo yakatanga pamusoro pekutora zvisaririra izvi, asi Brahmin Drona akachenjera akakwanisa kudzivirira izvi munguva yenguva nekuzvigovera muhuwandu hwakaenzana mu - maererano netsika dzechinyakare - 8, 10 kana 11 zvikamu. Imwe nguva gare gare, mutongi wechiBuddha wechiIndia Asoka (304-232 BC) anonzi akacherwa zvisaririra izvi ndokubatanidzwazve kuti azviise mu 84.000 chedis pasi rose nezuva rimwe. Yave iri ngano kunyanya yakasimudzira chinamato nekunamatwa kwezvisaririra zvenhoroondo yeBuddha muCentral, East uye Southeast Asia. Kubva kuSri Lanka, Sukhothai naLuang Prabang kusvika kunzvimbo dziri kure zvikuru dzeChina, tinowana chedis inonzi yakatanga mukuparadzirwa kwezvinyorwa naAsoka.

Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon muAyutthaya

Muchokwadi, pakanga paine zvikonzero zviviri zvikuru nei chedis yakamiswa mushure mekufa kwaBuddha. Kune rumwe rutivi, vaida kuchengetedza zvisaririra zvavo neiyi nzira, uye kuno rumwe rutivi, kwakafungwa kuti iyi yakanga iri nzira yakafanira yokurangarira nayo mabasa makuru masere ayo Buddha akanga aita mukati moupenyu hwake. Mukuwirirana nengano yakaisvonaka, Buddha, apo iye akanzwa mugumo wake uchiswedera pedyo, akaratidzira vadzidzi vake nenzira yakapfava zvikuru kuti akafungidzira sei chimiro cheguva rake. Akapeta jasi rake romumongi nepakati, akarigadzika pasi ndokuisa mbiya yake yokupemha yakanga yakapidiguka netsvimbo yake pamusoro payo zvakatevedzana. Neizvi airatidza zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zvinoumba chedi: tsoka ine sikweya yakatsikwa kana chigadziko chakakomberedzwa nedome kana bhero muviri, pamusoro pepini, korona yakatetepa, yakaita seshongwe kazhinji inoguma nespire. Nokufamba kwenguva, mazana emhando dzakasiyana dzechedi dzakatanga, asi pese pese zvinhu zvitatu izvi zvakaramba zviri musimboti wezviyeuchidzo izvi.

Kuvaka chedi kunoperekedzwa nehuwandu hwetsika dzinotanga pakarepo nekutsunga kwenzvimbo yakakodzera zvakanyanya kusvika uye kusanganisira kutanga. Zvechokwadi, tsika idzi hadzisi kungoitika uye kunyanya kusimbisa kukosha kukuru kwemweya kunosungirirwa kune izvi zvivakwa kusvikira nhasi. Mushure mezvose, chedi ndiyo chiratidzo chekuti nirvana inozokunda sei pamusoro pekutenderera kwekuzvarwa patsva, asi panguva imwechete chedi inofananidzira semufananidzo wegomo dzvene Meru, hugaro hwemwari Shiva anochengetedza zvinhu zvose uye anoumba kubatana pakati pedenga nenyika.

Wat Chedi Liem in Wiang Kum Kam – Chiang Mai (KobchaiMa / Shutterstock.com)

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvishanu zvechisikigo zvinoratidzwa mukuvakwa kwayo uye zvikamu zvechinyakare zvechimiro uye kuti zvine hukama sei nepfungwa yakavhenekerwa. Nheyo, semuenzaniso, inomiririra pasi, asiwo kuenzana. Dome inomiririra mvura uye kusaparara, hwaro hwe spire yemoto netsitsi, spire yemhepo nekuzvizadzisa uye kumusoro kwenzvimbo, matenga edenga uye akajekeswa uye akawedzera kuziva. Vamwe vanopikisa kuti chimiro chakatenderera che chedi chinoreva chimiro chemuviri weagere, kufungisisa Buddha uye kuti chimiro chinomiririrawo kuvapo kwemweya kwaBuddha uye / kana vadzidzi vake. Kubva pane iyi nzira yekufananidzira, hazvifanire kushamisa kuti ma chedis anoumbawo nzvimbo dzinoyera dzeBuddha, chikamu cheimba yemamongi yakachengeterwa kunamatwa kwemamongi nevasiri.

Mamonasteries mazhinji saka akavakwa akatenderedza chedis uye kwete imwe nzira yakatenderedza, sekureva kwevazhinji vafambisi vevashanyi zvisirizvo. Chinhu chinoshamisa mumaziso evatorwa vazhinji ndechekuti chedis, semucherechedzo weBuddha, ane hunhu hwepamutemo uye saka anogona kumiririra kodzero dzemutemo. Zvipo zvakapihwa chedi zvinoramba zviri zveiyo chaiyo chedi uye kwete ye sangha, nzanga yechiBhudha. Kubva pakuona uku zvinonzwisisika zvakare kuti kune zvirango zvakakwirira kune ani zvake anokuvadza kana kuparadza chedi. Kunyanya nekuti chedis inogona kutorwa seyakazvarwa yeBuddha, inoonekwa sematsvene nguva dzese. Kapoka kese kakaitenderedza, kane mitemo yakawanda kubva pazvigadziro zvekupa ruremekedzo kusvika pakurambidza kunongedza tsoka dzako munzira yechedi kune chisungo chekufamba newachi uchitenderedza chedi. Zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti zvinorambidzwa zvakare kukwira chedi, kwete kana kuita mupiro…

Chedi Luang Chiang saen (ChiangRai)

Pakutanga, zvisaririra - kazhinji mumidziyo yesimbi yakakosha kana yakashongedzwa nematombo anokosha - zvakanangidzirwa mune inonzi harmika, chigadziko chepamusoro chepinacle pamusoro peiyo convex kana bhero-yakaita bhero muviri mukuru wechedi. Apo dura iri rakaratidza kuva risina kuchengetedzeka uye riri nyore kubatwa neminwe mirefu, zvisaririra nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvakatanga kuvigwa muzvikamu zviduku zvakadzika pasi pechedis. Chiitiko chakanga chisinawo kucherechedzwa naJeremias van Vliet (c. 1602-1663), anonyanya kucherechedza VOC mukuru mutengesi muAyutthaya:

"Kunze kweizvozvo, pasi pezvigaro zvezvidhori mune dzimwe tempem pfuma huru yegoridhe nesirivheri yakavigwa, uyewo marubhi akawanda, matombo anokosha, uye mamwe matombo anokosha ari pamusoro pepamusoro pedzimwe shongwe nemapiramidhi, ayo nokuda kwebasa reZvakanaka anoramba aripo nokusingaperi. Nhoroondo dzinoshamisa pakati pevaSiammers dzakaudzwa nezvekuwanda kwepfuma iyi. "

Pamusoro pechedi, iyo yakakwereta chimiro uye chimiro pase kubva kuIndia yekare uye yakazopesvedzerwa neSri-Lanka, imwe shongwe-yakafanana neshongwe inoera inonzi Phra Prag yakabuda muSiam, yanhasi Thailand, iyo maSiamese akatora kufemerwa kubva kuKhmer kuvaka. Chedi refu kwazvo pasi rose ingori pasi pe130 metres kureba Wat Phra Pathom Chedi muNakhom Pathom. Iyo zvakare imwe yenzvimbo dzekare dzinozivikanwa dzechedi muThailand, nekuti chimiro ichi chatoonekwa munhoroondo kubva ku675, asi kubva pane zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvinogona kugumiswa kuti nzvimbo iyi yaitova nzvimbo yechitendero muzana ramakore rechina renguva yedu. Muzana remakore rechigumi nerimwe, apo Khmer yaitonga nzvimbo yakafara, iyi chedi yakawedzerwa zvikuru, asi yazvino yakavakirwa padanho raMambo Mongkut (1804-1868). Zvisinei, aisazorarama kuti aone kuzvitsaurira kwake sezvaakafa makore maviri isati yapera muna 1870.