Thanong Pho-arn (Mufananidzo: Bangkok Post)
Masangano evashandi muThailand agara achipikiswa nehurumende uye kashoma kuita basa mukuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda evashandi veThai. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvishoma kumakambani ehurumende. Kunyangarika kwemutungamiri wesangano revashandi Thanong Pho-arn muna Chikumi 1991 chiratidzo cheizvi.
Thanong Pho-arn
Thanong Pho-arn aive mutungamiri wemubatanidzwa wemabhizinesi ehurumende, mutungamiri weFederation of Thai Trade Unions uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weInternational Federation of Free Trade Unions. Musi wa23 Kukadzi 1991, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weChichemo cheKurwira Suthorn Kongsompong (baba veMutungamiriri Wemauto Apirat Kongsompong) neMukuru Wemauto Suchinda Kraprayoon vakamukira hurumende yaChatichai Choonhavan ndokutora chigaro seNational Peace Council, iyo. NPKC. Vanoronga zvekupidigura hurumende vaida kurwisa huwori, kuvandudza hutongi nekuchengetedza humambo, vachitaura nezvekutyisidzirwa kwekupondwa mumaXNUMX.
Achangotora chigaro, junta yakarambidza mabasa ese emubatanidzwa. Thanong akapikisa pachena kusabatanidzwa kwemasangano muhurumende uye akataura zvakasimba achipokana nekutora masimba kwemauto uye kuziviswa kwemamiriro enjodzi. Mukutanga kwaJune 1991, akaronga kuratidzira paSanaam Luang. Akazoona ave kuteverwa panguva iyoyo mushure mezvo uye akawanawo mashoko erufu parunhare.
Thanong akaronga kupinda musangano wepagore weInternational Labour Organisation (ILO) kuGeneva muna Chikumi. Bazi rezvemukati menyika rakamunyorera tsamba richimurambidza kupinda musangano iwoyo. Thanong aida kuramba murayiro iwoyo. Akaudza mudzimai wake, Rachaneeboon, kuti “…dai asina kupindura kwemazuva matatu angadai akasungwa, uye dai aipfuura mazuva manomwe angadai akafa…”
Pana June 19, 1991, Thanong akanyangarika. Motokari yake yaive nezviratidzo zvekurwa yakawanikwa isina munhu pamberi pehofisi yake. Paivawo nemajekiseni e<em>insulin aaida pachirwere chake cheshuga. Mutevedzeri wegurukota rezvemukati menyika akati Thanong pamwe akatiza mudzimai wake nemhuri.
Kuferefeta kwemapurisa hakuna chavakawana. Mushure mokumukira kweBlack May muna 1992 uko kwakabvisa General Suchinda pachigaro uye kwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda, hurumende yaAnand Panyarachun yakagadza dare kuti riongorore kutsakatika kwaNarong. Pashure pemwedzi miviri yekuferefeta, dare iroro rakasvika pakugumisa kuti pakanga pasina chinoratidza chero chipi zvacho chezvakanga zvaitika kuna Narong. Zvisinei, akaramba kuburitsa mushumo uzere. Muitiro mumwe chetewo wakateverwa nematare maviri eparamende muna 1 na1993. Masangano emubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda akatsigira chirikadzi yaNarong nevana vavo vaduku vaviri nemari.
Pfupi uye isina Kukwana Nhoroondo Yevashandi muThailand
Kusvika munenge muna 1950, boka revashandi muSiam/Thailand raisanganisira chikamu chikuru chevashandi vekuChina vaitama. Yakakura pasi pekutonga kwaMambo Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868-1910), kunyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemabasa eruzhinji akadai semigwagwa, njanji uye zvimwe zvivakwa. Huwandu hweBangkok hwakabva hwave ne30-50% vanhu vedzinza reChinese. Muna 1910 pakave nekurova kukuru kwakaomesa Bangkok uye kutyisa Mambo Vajirawuth (Rama VI, 1910-1925) . Mamiriro ekunze anopesana neChinese akabuda, semuenzaniso mumutemo wa1934 wakaraira kuti hafu yevashandi mumigoro yemupunga inofanira kunge iri Thais chaiyo.
Mushure me1950, kutama kubva kuChina kwakamiswa uye vamwe Thais, kunyangwe vachiri vashoma, vakabatana nevashandi. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakawedzera zvikuru panguva iyoyo, asi pakanga pachine nzvimbo yakakwana yokurimwa kuti ikwane kukura kwenhamba yokurima zvikurukuru. Pakati pe1970 na1980, mukana iwoyo wakanyangarika uye, uyezve, chikamu cheindasitiri muhupfumi hweThai, iyo dzimwe nguva yakakura neanopfuura gumi muzana, yakawedzera nekukurumidza. Vanhu vazhinji vanobva kunharaunda vakaenda kunoshanda mumafekitori matsva muBangkok nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza, kutanga panguva iyo kurima kwaive kwakamira uye gare gare zvakare zvakanyanya.
Iyi budiriro yakasimudzira kufambira mberi kwemibatanidzwa yakatanga kubuda muma1s, semuenzaniso muzvitima nezvitima muBangkok. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, yakawedzera ukuru nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, pana May 1947, 70.000, pakanga pane musangano wavashandi XNUMX XNUMX vaibva pazvigayo zvomupunga, zvigayo, vashandi vezvikepe nezvitima.
Shanduko yakauya apo General Sarit Thanarat vakatora masimba muna 1958. Akarambidza zviitiko zvese zvemasangano evashandi, akatenda kuti vashandirwi nevashandi vanofanirwa kuronga mamiriro ekushanda mukuwirirana neVadertje Staat. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitikawo muna 1991 apo General Suchinda Kraprayoon akapandukira hurumende.
Mushure mekumukira kwaGumiguru 1973, imwe nguva yakazaruka uye yemahara yakatanga. Nepo izvi zvisati zvaitika nhamba yekuramwa mabasa pagore ingangove makumi maviri, panguva iyi yaive pakati pe150 ne500 pagore. Varimi vakaronga uye vaida kuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzemaroja nemidziyo. Mumakore iwayo, izvi zvakatotungamira pakuurayiwa kwevatungamiriri vevanhu makumi mana uye bato iri rakafa mushure mekupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda paThammasat University muna Gumiguru 40 (ona chinongedzo pazasi). Muna 1976, mutungamiri weSocialist Party, Boonsanong Punyodyana, akapondwawo.
Kuratidzira kwemubatanidzwa muBangkok (1000 Mazwi / Shutterstock.com)
Kutaura idi, hurumende dzose kubvira muna 1945 dzakaita napose padzinogona napo kudzvinyirira pesvedzero yemasangano evashandi pamitemo yehurumende.
Zvakadaro, mune imwe nguva yakasununguka pakati pa1973 na1976, mutemo wakadzikwa kuti udzore zviitiko zvemubatanidzwa wevashandi. Mizhinji yemitemo iyoyo ichiri kushanda nanhasi. Semuenzaniso, mubatanidzwa unogona kungomiririra kambani imwe chete kana indasitiri munhaurirano, uye chete kana vanopfuura 20% yevashandi mukambani iyoyo vari nhengo dzemubatanidzwa. Sangano rinofanirwa kunyoresa kubazi rezvevashandi. Mubatanidzwa weamburera unobvumidzwa, asi haugone kutaurirana kune vese vashandi pamwe chete. Vashandi vanobva munyika dzakatenderedza havabvumidzwe kujoinha mibatanidzwa yeThai.
Nezvikonzero zviri pamusoro, mibatanidzwa muThailand yakakamukana, kune vanopfuura chiuru. Vanokwikwidzawo, vane nhengo shoma (chete 3.7% inhengo) uye mari shoma uye naizvozvo haina simba uye haibatsiri. Vanoda kusvika makumi masere muzana emasangano ese ari muGreater Bangkok, nepo hafu yemapurovhinzi makumi manomwe neshanu eThai asina mibatanidzwa. Masangano emakambani ehurumende ndiwo akasiyana. Vanowanzo tsigira marongero ehurumende uye vanonakidzwa nemabhenefiti akadai semuhoro uyo dzimwe nguva 80% yakakwirira kupfuura mune mamwe makambani, uye mamwe mamiriro ekushanda akanaka.
Pamusoro pezvo, makambani akateedza mutemo wekubvisa nhengo dzesangano revashandi. Vaiwanzodzingwa kana kupikiswa nedzimwe nzira, dzimwe nguva zvisiri pamutemo uye zvechisimba. Munguva yekuramwa, kambani yaiwanzovharwa kuti igadzirwezve kumwewo, semuenzaniso nechidimbu chete icho chaive chisiri pasi pemitemo ipi neipi.
Zvinhu zvitatu izvi, mitemo yehurumende uye mitemo inotadzisa kushanda kwekupindira kwemubatanidzwa, sangano risina simba remibatanidzwa pachayo uye rezinesi remakambani anopikisa mabasa emubatanidzwa zvakakonzera mamiriro ekushanda asina kunaka muThailand. Iyo isina kurongeka, iyo inenge 50-60% yevanhu vese vanoshanda vanotora chikamu, hainawo kurongeka uye saka haikwanise kuita chibhakera.
Naizvozvo bhuku raPasuk rataurwa pazasi rinoti pakupera kwechitsauko 'Basa':
Mauto evashandi nemasangano akave chipoko chezvematongerwo enyika icho chitarisiko chake chaishungurudza vadzvanyiriri neshamwari dzavo.
Main source
Pasuk Phongpaichit naChris Baker, Thailand, Economy and Politics, 2002
Yakanakisa ichangoburwa chinyorwa nezve Thai trade unions
nezvekuratidzira kwevarimi
https://www.thailandblog.nl/geschiedenis/boerenopstand-chiang-mai/
Kune avo vanoda kuverenga zvakawanda nezve mibatanidzwa muThailand, chinyorwa chazvino kubva 2010:
https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/thailand/07563.pdf
tora kubva pairi:
Munhoroondo yavo yakareba, mibatanidzwa yeThai yakachengetedza hupenyu husina njodzi pasi pehurumende dzakasiyana. Parizvino, hapana zviratidzo zvekuchinja kukuru kwemitemo yebasa.
Kupidigura kwemauto muna 2006 uye kudzoka kwevanochengetedza vepamusoro uye mauto ayo agara achifungira masangano evashandi uye nyika yerubatsiro zvinotarisirwa kuve nemhedzisiro inokuvadza kunharaunda yevashandi veThai. Dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika uye kupatsanurwa kwemagariro kunotevera kupidigura zvakakonzerawo kupatsanurwa mukati mebato reThai revashandi
Kuwedzera kudzvanyirira kwemakwikwi edunhu nepasirese pamakambani eThai nekuda kwedambudziko remari ra2008 kwawedzera kuramba kwevashandirwi kumibatanidzwa uye kwakawedzera kunetesa simba rekutaurirana remibatanidzwa yeThai.
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru esangano revashandi reThai rinoramba riri kushaya simba maererano nedemocracy yemukati uye inoshanda zvimiro, pamwe nekubatana uye kurongeka mukati mebato revashandi.
"Rimwe rematambudziko makuru esangano revashandi reThai rinoramba riri kushaya simba maererano nedemocracy yemukati uye inoshanda zvimiro, pamwe nekubatana uye kurongeka mukati mebato revashandi."
Mutsara wekupedzisira uyu wakakosha.
Kana zvisingatombogoneki kuvaka chimiro chakavimbika uye chinokwanisa, saka hazvishamisi kuti iwe hautorerwe zvakanyanya kana kupikiswa?
Kubva pabasa rangu ndinoziva kuti mumakore gumi apfuura pasi pekutungamirirwa kweThai, kuedza kwakati kwaitwa kuumba sangano renyanzvi kuti riite semubatsiri wehurukuro nehurumende.
Majongwe (munyaya iyi hen) vaiva vanhu avo, zvichienderana nezera nemari, vaida kutungamira uye, pamusoro pezvose, vaisada kupesana.
Chikonzero chacho chinopfuura kujeka. Zvinonyanya nezvebasa pane nezvekubatana. Kudyidzana kunobereka zvishoma pane kuwana vanobatika navo vakakodzera kuti ushumire zvido zvako. Sezvo izvi zvave kuzivikanwa, vamwe vatori vechikamu vanowanzoona nekukurumidza kuti hazvina basa uye saka denderedzwa rakashata rinoenderera mberi.
Kutaura nezve democracy, vakanyatsoita zvese zvavaigona kuti vanyarare,
Vechidiki vanoramba uye nenzira kwayo
Kushaikwa kwemibatanidzwa yakasimba nezvimwe zvinhu zvatinotora sezvisina basa zvinondirwadza. Asi, ini ndiri mumwe weavo varikuruboshwe vasingade kunzwisisa kuti Taailand yakangosiyana. Zvichakadaro, ndakaverenga mameseji pasocial media pamwe nemitsara yeF hurumende, chii chatinofanira kuita izvozvi? Kugara pamba pasina yakanaka kuchengetedza mambure (yekubhadhara inobhadharwa, mabhenefiti, nezvimwewo). Kuri kubikwa.
Pfungwa dzako hadzina basa naRob, nekuti munhu wese ane zvake 🙂
Kuverengera kunakidzwa ndicho chidimbu chiri pamubatanidzwa https://annettedolle.nl/2019/02/25/waarom-de-vakbond-een-overprijsde-verzekeringmaatschappij-is-en-haar-langste-tijd-gehad-heeft/
Irwo rudzi rwemubatanidzwa unopinza kutya uye kugara pane zvakapfuura.
Pasina nhengo hapana kodzero yekuvepo uye izvi zvinoshandawo kune vashandirwi. Kwete mushandirwi akanaka hapana vashandi. Sarudzo yekupedzisira yekuzvipa iwe semushandi kune "akaipa" mushandirwi inorara nemushandi mumwechete iyeye.
Kana, semuenzaniso, zvikaitika kuti mahotera mashanu-nyeredzi ari kuburitsa vashandi zvachose nekuda kweCovid 5, saka vanhu ava vanogona kuenda kuSSO kuti vabatsirwe kwemazuva zana nemakumi masere (19). https://is.gd/zrLKf3 )
Pamusoro pezvo, panofanirwa kuve nekuitwa kwepaFacebook apo nyaya idzi dzinotaurwa uye dzinogona kubatwa zvakasimba kune avo vanobatanidzwa uyezve kuunza kutariswa kwepasirese nenjodzi yekukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira wemacheni ehotera ane chekuita. Icho chiitiko cheFacebook chinogona kuve basa rakachena kwauri nevatsigiri vako nekuti harina kusungirirwa kune imwe nzvimbo.
Kana nyaya yakanyatsobatanidzwa, ini ndinokupa Facebook yangu "like"