Uranda muThailand, kuongororazve

Pendi yedenga muAnanta Samakhon Chigaro Kamuri inoratidza kuti Mambo Chulalongkorn akasunungura sei varanda. Chinenge chiitiko cheByzantine: Chulalongkorn akamira zvine hukasha pakati akatarisana nedenga rakanaka uye akarara patsoka dzake ane hafu-akashama, asingaonekwe uye akasviba zvimiro zvine cheni dzakatyoka.

Izvi zvakaitika muna 1905 mushure mekunge iye nababa vake Mongkut vatozorodza mitemo nemirairo yakasiyana-siyana pamabasa epamba uye huranda mumakore apfuura. Iyi ndiyo imwe yeshanduko dzakawanda dzakaitwa naChulalongkorn uye nei achiri kudiwa nekuremekedzwa nevese Thais. Kune rukudzo chairwo rwakatenderedza munhu wake, kunyanya pakati pevari kusimukira veboka repakati uye mufananidzo wake unogona kuyemurwa munenge imba yese. Iyo yekare 100-baht banknote inoratidzawo ichi chiitiko chekusunungurwa.

Ndinogona kuwedzera kuti muhumambo hwekoloni hwerudzi rwakabudirira rweEurope rweNetherlands, Dutch East Indies, uranda hwakangobviswa zvachose uye zvachose muna 1914. Hatina chekudada nacho pamusoro peuranda.

Iyo 'yepamutemo' nhoroondo yeuranda muThailand

Zvese zviri zviviri zveThai neWestern nhoroondo paThailand zvakanyanya kunyarara kana zvasvika pauranda. Mumabhuku akawanda enhoroondo mitsetse mishoma yakatsaurirwa kwairi, kazhinji mupfungwa yokuti 'yakanga isina kunyanya kushata' uye 'kukanganisa kwomunhu'. Izvozvo zvine zvikonzero zvakawanda. Aive muchinda ane mukurumbira Damrong (1862-1943) naKukrit Pramoj (1911-1995) vakafungidzira pasina mubvunzo kuti Thais wese aifanira kunge akasununguka, nekuti izwi rekuti 'thai' rairevawo 'mahara'. Pamusoro pezvo, huranda muThailand hwakaonekwa se "Thai" yakasarudzika, ine hutsinye uye hwekumanikidza, uye hwakasiyana zvachose kubva kuMadokero. Vazhinji vakati huranda hunofanira kuonekwa mu 'Southeast Asia mamiriro', sechibatanidzo muhukama hwevatengi-mutengi. Uyezve, huwandu hwevanhu hungadai hwakave nevaranda 'chete' makumi matatu kubva muzana, vazhinji vavo vangave (vakazvipira) nhapwa dzechikwereti (nemukana wekusunungurwa) uye vakabatwa zvakanaka.

Bhishopi Pallegroix (1857): '…varanda muSiam vanobatwa zvakanaka, zviri nani kupfuura varanda muEngland..sevana vavanatenzi vavo…'

Uranda hwave huripo muSoutheast Asia yose kwemazana emakore. Mufananidzo wacho unoratidza kusunungurwa kwevaranda muKhmer Empire (anenge 1100). Isu tinogona kufungidzira zvakachengeteka kuti ese aya matombo akanaka kubva kuKhmer Empire, asiwo ayo muThailand kusvika 1900, ainyanya kuvakwa nevaranda, kunyangwe vazhinji vevashandi veChinese vashanyi vakapindawo muThailand.

Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia akanga akapfuma munyika nezviwanikwa asi ari murombo muvanhu. Itiro hanya huru yevatongi yakanga iri kudikanwa kwokuunza vanhu vakawanda kuumambo hwavo, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuronga kurwisa munyika dzakavakidzana.

Uyu mutsara wekupedzisira chikamu chakakosha chenyaya inotevera, iyo yakawanda yandinotora kubva kuna Katherine Bowie chinyorwa chakataurwa pasi apa. Akanyura mumanyuko ekare, akanokora mashoko vafambi vakawanda vokuEurope uye akabvunzurudza vakwegura kuvanhu vakura zvikuru pamusoro pezvavanorangarira. Mufananidzo wakasiyana zvachose unobuda kubva kune iwo pane kubva mutsanangudzo dzemabhuku uye vanhu vataurwa pamusoro apa. Anonyanya kunyora nezvehumambo hwekare hweLanna, asiwo nezveCentral Thailand.

Nhamba yevaranda uye rudzi rweuranda

Uranda hwakaita sei chaizvo muSiam yekare, kunyanya muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Dr. Richardson anoti mudhayari rake renzendo dzake kuChiang Mai (1830) anoti zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvevanhu vakanga vasiri nhapwa chete asi kuti nhapwa dzehondo (ndizvo zvandinoti vasungwa vehondo vakanga vakasungwa muuranda). Mutungamiriri wemauto McLeod anotaurawo nhamba yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevagari vemo sevaranda muChiang Mai, vazhinji vavo vakabva kunzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kweChiang Mai, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga iri Burma. John Freeman (1910) anofungidzira kuti hafu yevagari veLampung yaive nevaranda, vazhinji vacho vaive nhapwa dzehondo. Mamwe manyuko anotaura nezvenhamba yavaranda veboka rinokudzwa. Vanhu veboka repamusoro-soro vaiva pakati pe500 ne1.500 (mambo) varanda, asi vanamwari vaduku sePrayas vaiva nevaranda pakati pe12 ne20. Nhamba idzi dzinoratidzawo kuti inenge hafu yevagari vemo inofanira kunge yaive varanda.

Tsika dzepamuromo dzinopa mufananidzo wakafanana, tichirangarira kuti hapana anofarira kubvuma kuti anobva kumuranda. Varanda muhondo vakanga vari vazhinji vevaranda vose. Misha yakawanda yaisanganisira varanda vehondo chete. Avo vaigona kupa mashoko pamusoro pedzinza ramadzitateguru avo vaiwanzoaisa kunze kweChiang Mai, munzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe (zvino yava kumaodzanyemba kweChina, Burma (Shan States) uye yava kunzi Laos zvino).

Varanda vehondo

Sezvandaona pamusoro apa, kuvatongi veSoutheast Asia, kutonga vanhu kwaikosha zvikuru kupfuura kutonga nyika. Pane tsumo yaiti 'kep phak nai saa, kep khaa nai meuang' ('isa muriwo mudengu uise varanda muguta'). Chinyorwa chine mukurumbira chaRamkhamhaeng (zana ramakore rechi 13) chaSukhothai, uyo anowanzoonekwa semutongi 'baba', anotiwo: '...kana ndikarwisa musha kana guta ndikatora nzou, nyanga dzenzou, varume nevakadzi, ipapo zvose izvozvo zvipei kuna baba vangu.’ Zvinyorwa zvinorondedzera kuti Mambo Tilok weLanna akatora sei varanda vehondo 12.328 1445 pashure pokukunda muShan States (Burma, XNUMX) ndokuvagarisa muLanna ‘kwavachiri kugara nanhasi’.

Simon de la Loubère, mukutsanangura kwake Ayutthaya muzana ramakore rechigumi nemanomwe, anoti: 'Ivo vanongobatikana mukutyaira varanda'. Ayutthaya neBurma vakakurirana mukupamba maguta nemaguta.

mr. Gould, wekuBritain, anotsanangura zvaakaona muna 1876. '…Hondo yeSiamese (muLaos) yakashanduka kuita kuvhima nhapwa pamwero mukuru. Chavaifanira kuita kwaiva kutyaira varanda kuBangkok. Zvisikwa zvinosuruvarisa, varume, vakadzi nevana, vazhinji vachiri vacheche, vakafudzwa nemusango kuenda kuMenam (Chaophraya) varanda muAfrica. Vazhinji vakafa nezvirwere, vamwe vakasara vachirwara musango…'. Imwe nyaya yake inotevera.

Mushure mekutorwa (uye kuparadzwa zvachose) kweVientiane muna 1826, mhuri dze6.000 dzakaendeswa kuCentral Thailand. Mushure mokumukira muCambodia muna 1873 uye kudzvinyirirwa nemauto eSiamese, zviuru zvevanhu zvakaiswa muuranda. Bowring akafungidzira kuti kwaiva nevaranda vehondo 45.000 XNUMX muBangkok panguva yekutonga kweRama III. Dzakanga dziri zvinhu zvamambo, uyo akazvipa muchidimbu kuvadzorwi vake. Chirevo cheChirungu:

"Wales akati "hapana basa rakabhadharwa kutambura kwe vanhu vakatakurwa kudaro” (1934:63). Lingat inoreva kazhinji

kubatwa zvisina kunaka uye Crawfurd aifunga kuti nhapwa dzehondo dzaive nani kubatwa nevaBurmese kupfuura vaSiamese, zvisinei nekutonga kwake kuti mukati

hondo yevaBurma yakanga “ine utsinye uye inotyisa kusvikira kumwero wokupedzisira”; uye hapana vakatongerwa kushanda vakasungwa semuSiam” (Crawfurd 1830, Vol 1:422, Vhoriyamu 2:134-135).

Antonin Cee akatora mashoko aMambo Mongkut kakawanda achiti: 'Usarova varanda pamberi pevatorwa'. Izvo maererano nekubatwa kwevaranda muSiam yekare.

Regai nditaure muchidimbu pamusoro pezvinotevera. Bowie anotsanangurawo kuti munzvimbo dzemuganho weSiam maive nekutengesa kwekukurumidza kwevaranda vakawanikwa kuburikidza nekupambwa kwenzvimbo mumisha uye kupambwa. Paivawo nokutengesa varanda vaibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsia, kunyanya vaibva kuIndia.

Chikwereti husungwa

Bowie anozopedzisira aenda mune zvakadzama nezve huranda hwechikwereti. Anoratidza kuti kazhinji yaisava sarudzo yemunhu, asi kuti zvematongerwo enyika nekumanikidza kwehurumende kwakaita basa guru mukuwedzera kune urombo uye mhindu yakanyanya.

Mhedziso

Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa naBowie inoratidza kuti huwandu hwevaranda muThailand hwakanga hwakakura kupfuura zvaiwanzotaurwa, hafu kusvika kune yakawanda yehuwandu hwevanhu. Izvi zvechokwadi zvinoshanda kuNorthern Thailand uye zvakanyanya pamwe zvakare kuCentral Thailand. Anopokana kuti kudiwa kwehupfumi (chikwereti kusungwa) ndicho chikonzero chikuru cheuranda. Mhirizhonga, yakadai sehondo, ugororo, kupamba vanhu nekutengeserana, yakaita basa guru zvikuru.

Pakupedzisira, kune zvipupuriro zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti kurapwa kwevaranda kwakanga kusiri nani pane zvatinoziva kubva kune utsinye kutengeswa kwevaranda veAtlantic.

Chekupedzisira, izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti huwandu hweThailand hausi 'mujaho weThai wakachena' (kana chinhu chakadaro chinogona kutovapo), semafungiro e'Thainess' zvinodaidzwa, asi musanganiswa wemarudzi mazhinji akasiyana.

Sources:

• Katherine A. Bowie, Uranda muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe kuchamhembe kweThailand: zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye manzwi emusha, Kyoto Ongororo yeSoutheast Asia, 2006
• RB Cruikshank, Huranda muzana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe Siam, PDF, J. yeSiam Society, 1975

'yakamboburitswa paTrefpunt Thailand'