Mepu Siam - kwakabva miganhu uye inodada nyika-nyika

Nharaunda nenzvimbo dzayo dzesimba muna 1750, nyika yemazuva ano isati yavepo

Ko Thailand yanhasi yakawana sei chimiro uye kuzivikanwa? Kuona kuti ndiani uye chii chaizvo anoita kana kuti asiri wenyika hachisi chinhu changoitika. Thailand, yaimbova Siam, haina kungouyawo. Asingasviki mazana maviri emakore apfuura yaive nharaunda yehumambo isina miganhu chaiyo asi ine (inopindirana) mativi esimba. Ngationei kuti chimiro chemazuva ano cheThailand che geo-body chakauya sei.

A hierarchy ye "yakasununguka" vassal states 

Kare, Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kwaive kusanganisa kwemadzishe (hurongwa umo nharaunda dzakawanda dzinotungamirwa neshe) nehumambo. Munzanga yemazuva ano isati yasvika, hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hwaive hwemhando yepamusoro. Mumwe mutongi aiva nesimba pavatongi vashoma vomumisha yaiva pedyo. Zvisinei, mutongi uyu aitotsamira pamutongi wepamusoro. Iri piramidhi rakaturikidzana rakatambanudzirwa kumutongi ane simba kwazvo munzvimbo iyi. Muchidimbu, hurongwa hwevassal states.

Nemusikirwo, idzi (maguta) nyika dzaionekwa sehumambo hwakaparadzana, hunonziwo muang (เมือง) muchiThai. Kunyange zvazvo yaishanda mukati meboka revakuru vakuru vehurumende, mambo wehurumende yacho akazviona somutongi akazvimirira weumambo hwake. Mutongi wepamusoro haana kumbopindira nevatongi vaiva pasi pake. Nyika imwe neimwe yaive nekutonga kwayo, mitero, mauto uye hurongwa hwemutemo. Saka vaive vakazvimiririra. Asi apo kusundirwa kwakasvika pakusundidzira, nyika yaifanira kuzviisa pasi pomutongi wepamusoro. Aigona kupindira paaiona zvakakodzera.

Hukama hwesimba uhu hwakanga husina kugadzikiswa: kana mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, nzvimbo yehumambo mukati megadziriro ino inogonawo kuchinja. Hukama hwemasimba hunogona kugara huchichinja. Kusavimbika muhukama hwevakuru kunogona kugadziriswa nenzira chaiyo: hondo. Munguva dzehondo, maguta aiva kumberi ndiwo akatanga kuurayiwa. Vakamanikidzwa kupa chikafu uye vanhu kana kuti zvimwe vakapambwa, vakaparadzwa uye vakabviswa. Dzimwe nguva mhomho yevanhu yaitorwa sezvakapambwa muhondo.

Tributory states

Saka mutongi aifanira kuita kuti vashandi, mauto, zvinhu, mari kana zvimwe zvinhu zviwanikwe kumutongi mukuru pakukumbira - pazvaidiwa. Uyewo, mutongi mukuru aifanira kupa dziviriro. Semuenzaniso, Bangkok yaifanira kuchengetedza vatengi vayo kurwisa Burma neVietnam.

Nyika yevassal yakanga ine misengwa yakati kuti, inokosha zvikuru yaiva tsika yokuzviisa pasi uye mhiko yokuvimbika. Makore (mashoma) ega ega nyika yevassal yaitumira zvipo kumutongi wepamusoro kuti avandudze hukama. Mari nezvinhu zvinokosha zvagara zviri chikamu cheizvi, asi chinonyanya kukosha kwaiva kutumira miti ine mashizha esirivha kana endarama. Inozivikanwa muThai se "tônmáai-ngeun tônmáai-thong" (ต้นไม้เงินต้นไม้ทอง) uye muchiMalay se "bunga mas". Mukudzoka, mutongi mukuru akatumira zvipo zvoukoshi hukuru zvikuru kuhurumende yake.

Nyika dzakasiyana pasi peSiam dzaive nechikwereti kuna mambo weSiam. Siam zvakare aive nechikwereti kuChina. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvinodudzirwa nenyanzvi zhinji dzeThai sezano rakangwara rekuita purofiti uye kwete sechiratidzo chekuzviisa pasi. Izvi imhaka yokuti mambo weChina aigara achitumira zvinhu zvakawanda kuSiam kupfuura zvaipiwa naSiam kuna mambo. Nekudaro, tsika imwe chete pakati peSiam neiyo nyaya inodudzirwa sekuzviisa pasi, kunyangwe vatongi vematunhu iwayo vaigonawo kufunga kuti chaingova chiitiko chekufananidzira chehushamwari kuna Siam uye hapana chimwe.

Mepu yechiFrench yeSiam muna 1869, kuchamhembe kwemutsetse mutsvuku iyo vassal states

Vanopfuura mutongi mumwe wepamusoro 

Nyika dzevassal dzaiwanzova nevatongi vanopfuura mumwe. Uku kwaiva zvose kutukwa nechikomborero, kwakapa mwero wakati wedziviriro pakudzvinyirirwa kubva kune mumwe mutongi(vatongi), asiwo zvisungo zvakasungwa. Yakanga iri nzira yekupona uye kuramba wakasununguka kana kushoma.

Humambo hwakaita saLanna, Luang Phrabang naVienTiane hwakagara huchiwira pasi pevatongi vakawanda vepamusoro panguva imwe chete. Saka pakanga paine kupindirana mumadenderedzwa emasimba eBurma, Siam neVietnam. Vatongi vaviri vakuru vakataura nezve sǒng fàai-fáa (สองฝ่ายฟ้า) uye vatongi vatatu vakuru vakataura nezve sǎam fàai-fáa (สามฝ่ายฟ้า).

Asi umambo hukuru hunogonawo kuva nevatongi vanopfuura mumwe. Semuenzaniso, Cambodia yaimbova humambo hune simba, asi kubva kuma14^de zana remakore rakanga rarasikirwa nesimba rakawanda uye rakava nyika yevassal yeAyutthaya (Siam). Kubva ku17^de zana remakore, Vietnam yakakura musimba uye ivowo vakada kuzviisa pasi kubva kuCambodia. Yakabatwa pakati pevatambi vesimba vaviri ava, Cambodia yakanga isina sarudzo kunze kwekuzviisa pasi pevaSiamese neVietnamese. Siam neVietnam vese vaiona Cambodia semutongi wavo, ukuwo mambo weCambodia aigarozviona seakazvimirira.

Kwakatangira miganhu muna 19^de zana remakore

Kusvikira kuma19^de zana remakore, miganhu chaiyo uye kutonga kwakasarudzika chaive chinhu chaive chisingazivikanwe nedunhu. Apo maBritish mukutanga 19^de zana kuti vatore mepu yedunhu, ivo vaidawo kuona muganhu neSiam. Nekuda kwehurongwa hwenzvimbo dzepesvedzero, mhinduro yevakuru veSiamese yaive yekuti pakanga pasina muganhu chaiwo pakati peSiam neBurma. Paive nemakiromita akati wandei emasango nemakomo aive asiri emunhu. Paakabvunzwa nemaBritish kuti aise muganho chaiwo, mhinduro yeSiamese yaive yekuti maBritish vanofanirwa kuzviita voga vobvunza vagari veko kuti vawane rumwe ruzivo. Mushure mezvose, maBritish vaive shamwari saka Bangkok yaive nechivimbo chekuti maBritish aizoita zvakanaka uye nekutendeseka pakusarudza muganhu. Miganhu yakagadzwa nekunyora uye muna 1834 maBritish neSiamese vakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro peizvi. Pakanga pasati pave nekutaura kwekuratidza muviri miganhu, kunyangwe zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa kubva kuChirungu. Kubva muna 1847 zvichienda mberi, maBritish akatanga kumepu nzvimbo yacho zvakadzama, kuiyera nekumaka miganhu yakajeka.

Kunyatsoona kuti ndezvipi zvakatsamwisa vaSiamese, kuimisa nenzira iyi kwakaonekwa zvakanyanya senhanho inoenda kune kuvengana. Pashure pezvose, nei shamwari yakanaka ingaomerera zvakanyanya pakuisa muganhu wakaoma? Mukuwedzera, huwandu hwevanhu hwakashandiswa kufamba vakasununguka, semuenzaniso kushanyira mhuri kune rumwe rutivi rwemuganhu. Muchinyakare Southeast Asia, chidzidzo chainyanya kusungirirwa kuna tenzi kwete nyika. Vanhu vaigara mune imwe nzvimbo vaisafanira havo kuva vomutongi mumwe chete. VaSiamese vakashamisika kuti maChirungu aigara achiongorora bhodha. MaBritish asati atora masimba, vatongi venzvimbo iyi vaiwanzogara mumataundi avo uye kana mukana wamuka ndipo pavaipamba misha yeBurmese ndokupamba vanhu vachidzokera.

Mhemberero yeHandover yeSiamese nharaunda muna 1909

Siam inoiswa zvachose pamepu

Kusvikira kuma19^e zana remakore, Siam yaisaratidzika senge chimiro chayo chazvino. Pamepu, kusanganisira iwo evaSiamese pachavo, Siam yakawedzera kusvika pamusoro pePhichai, Phitsanulok, Sukothai kana kunyange Kamphaengphet. Kumabvazuva, Thailand yakanga yakaganhurana nemakomo, seri kwawo kwaiva neLaos (Koraat plateau) neCambodia. Nzvimbo dzeLaos, Malaysia neCambodia dzaive pasi pekutonga kwakagovaniswa uye kuchinjana. Siam nokudaro yakafukidza bheseni reRwizi rweChao Phraya. Mumaziso evaSiamese pachavo, nzvimbo dzeLan Na, Lao neCambodian dzakanga dzisiri chikamu cheSiam. Kuvambira bedzi muna 1866, apo vaFrance vakasvika panzvimbo yacho ndokuronga nharaunda dziri pedyo neMekhong, Mambo Mongkut (Rama IV) akaziva kuti Siam aifanira kuita zvimwe chetezvo.

Saka yaive kubva muhafu yechipiri ye19^de zana remakore revakuru veSiamese vakanetseka pamusoro pekuti ndiani aiva nezvikamu zvevhu, nepo zvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvakanga zvisina basa nazvo uye vakatozvipa. Nyaya youchangamire yakachinja kubva mupesvedzero (pakati pesimba) kubva mumaguta kuenda kune aidzora chaizvoizvo chidimbu chenyika. Kubva ipapo zvakava kufarira kuchengetedza chikamu chose chevhu. Maonero aSiam kuBritish aive musanganiswa wekutya, ruremekedzo, kutya, uye chishuwo cheushamwari kuburikidza nerumwe rudzi rwemubatanidzwa. Izvi zvinopesana nemafungiro kune maFrench, ayo aive nehutsinye. Izvi zvakatanga nekurwisana kwekutanga pakati peFrench neSiamese muna 1888. Kusawirirana kwakawedzera uye kwakaguma muna 1893, neFrench 'gunboat diplomacy' uye hondo yekutanga yeFranco-Siamese.

Varume kwese kwese vaifanira kuchengetedza uye kubata nzvimbo. Kutanga kwemepu yakakura uye kuongorora - kuona miganhu - yakatanga pasi paMambo Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Kwete chete nekuda kwekufarira kwake geography yemazuva ano, asiwo senyaya yehuchangamire hwakasarudzika. Yaive zvibvumirano nemamepu zvakavambwa munguva ya1893 na1907 pakati peSiamese, French neChirungu izvo zvakachinja chimiro chekupedzisira cheSiam. Nekudhirowa kwematapu kwemazuva ano kwaive kusisina nzvimbo yemadzishe madiki.

Siam harisi gwayana rinonzwisa tsitsi asi mhumhi duku 

Siam anga asiri munhu asingabatsiri akabatwa nekoloni, vatongi veSiamese vainyatsoziva nezvevassalage uye kubva pakati pe19.^de zana remakore neEurope maonero ezvematongerwo enyika geography. Siam aiziva kuti nyika dzevassal dzaisava dzeSiam saka dzaifanira kutorwa. Kunyanya munguva ye1880-1900, pakanga paine kurwisana pakati peSiamese, British neFrench kutora nzvimbo ivo pachavo. Kunyanya muMekong River Basin (Laos). Nenzira iyi, miganhu yakaoma yakawanda yakagadzirwa, isina kupindirana kana nzvimbo dzisina kwayakarerekera uye yakanyorwa pamepu. Kunyangwe… nanhasi, nzvimbo dzese dzemuganho hadzina kunyatso nyatso kutsanangurwa!

Yakanga iri nzira zvishoma nezvishoma yekushandisa (mauto) mauto ekufambisa kuunza nzvimbo uye vatongi venzvimbo pasi pesimba reBangkok uye kuvabatanidza mune yemazuva ano bureaucratic system yepakati. Nhanho, nzira yekushanda, nezvimwewo zvakashandurwa panharaunda imwe neimwe, asi chinangwa chekupedzisira chakanga chakafanana: kutonga pamusoro pemari, mitero, bhajeti, dzidzo, hurongwa hwemitemo uye dzimwe nyaya dzekutonga neBangkok kuburikidza nekugadzwa. Vazhinji vevakagadzwa vaive vanun’una vamambo kana kuti vaaivimba navo. Vaifanira kutarisira mutongi womunzvimbomo kana kuti kutonga zvakakwana. Hurongwa hutsva uhwu hwakanyanya kufanana nehutongi hwehurumende dzaidzorwa nekoloni. Vatongi veThai vaifunga kuti nzira yavo yehurumende yakanga yakafanana neEurope uye yakasimukira zvikuru (yakabudirira). Ndosaka tichitaurawo nezve maitiro e'internal colonization'.

A anosarudza 'isu' uye 'ivo'

Luang Prabang paakawirwa nevapambi (veko Lai neChinese Ho) muna 1887, vaive vaFrance vakaunza mambo weLuang Prabang kunzvimbo yakachengeteka. Kwapera gore, maSiamese akachengetedza Luang Prabang zvakare, asi Mambo Chulalongkorn ainetsekana kuti maLaotians aizosarudza maFrench pamusoro peSiamese. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nezano rekuratidza vaFrench sevatorwa, mutorwa, uye kusimbisa kuti vaSiamese nevaLao vaive vemavambo mamwe chete. Kune maLao, Lai, Theang, nezvimwewo, zvisinei, maSiamese aingova "ivo" seFrench uye kwete chikamu che "isu".

Aya maonero akasarudzika ekuti “isu” na“ivo” akasvika pakusununguka kukuru pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, apo hurumende yeThailand yakabudisa mepu kuratidza kurasikirwa kwoumambo hwaibwinya hweSiamese. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti maFrench akanga atora sei nzvimbo huru dzeSiam. Izvi zvaiva nemigumisiro miviri: yakaratidza chimwe chinhu chakanga chisati chambovapo chakadaro uye chakaunza marwadzo mukrete, chinhu chinoyera uye chakajeka. Mepu iyi ichiri kuwanikwa nhasi mumaatlasi akawanda nemabhuku echikoro.

Izvi zvinoenderana nesarudzo yenhoroondo yekuzvimiririra iyo vaThais vakambogara muChina uye vakamanikidzwa netyisidziro yekune dzimwe nyika kuti vatamire kumaodzanyemba, kwavaitarisira kuwana "Golden Land" yakavimbiswa (สุวรรณภูมิ, Sòewannáphoem), yakatogarwa zvakanyanya neKhmer. . Uye kuti kunyangwe nenhamo uye hutongi hwekunze, maThais aigara aine rusununguko uye rusununguko. Vakarwira nyika yavo uye nekudaro humambo hweSukhothai hwakagadzirwa. Kwemazana emakore, maThais anga achityisidzirwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya maBurmese. Heroic madzimambo eThai aigara achibatsira Thais kukunda kudzoreredza nyika yavo kukudza. Nguva dzose zviri nani kupfuura kare. Pasinei netyisidziro dzedzimwe nyika, Siam yakabudirira. VaBurmese, maererano neThais, vaiva vamwe, vane utsinye, vakawedzera, uye vanoda hondo. MaKhmer aive mbwende asi aine mukana, uye akarwisa maThai munguva dzekutambudzika. Hunhu hweThai hwaive mufananidzo wegirazi weizvi: vane runyararo, vasina hutsinye, vakashinga uye vanoda rusununguko. Sezvatinoudzwa nerwiyo rwenyika nhasi. Kugadzira mufananidzo we "mumwe" kwakakosha kubvumidza kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro pamusoro pevanokwikwidza. ChiThai, "kuva Thai uye "Thainess" (ความเป็นไทย, kwaam pen Thai) inomirira zvese zvakanaka, mukupesana nechimwe, kunze.

Muchidimbu

Mumakumi emakore apfuura e19^de zana remakore, kudyidzana kweumambo kwakaguma, kuchisiya Siam chete nevavakidzani vayo vakuru, vakarongwa zvakanaka. Uye kubva pakutanga 20's^Ste zana remakore, vagari vakaudzwa kuti isu taive uye taive tisiri pakati pevanhu vanodada veThai.

Chekupedzisira, chinyorwa chako pachako: nei Siam / Thailand isina kumbobvira yaita koloni? Kune mapato anobatanidzwa, Siam asina kwaakarerekera uye akazvimirira aingova nezvakawanda zvakanakira.

Zvishandiso uye nezvimwe:

• Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of the Nation, Thongchai Winichakul, Silkworm Books, ISBN 9789747100563
• Hondo pakati peSiamese neFrench: https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/kanonneerbootdiplomatie-de-eerste-franco-siamese-oorlog-1893-deel-1/
• Nezve ndiani uye asingatariswe 'Thai': https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/isaaners-zijn-geen-thai-wie-mag-zich-thai-noemen-het-uitwissen-van-de-plaatselijke-identiteit/
• Nationalism uye kusikwa kwekuzivikanwa kweThai: https://www.thailandblog.nl/achtergrond/echos-uit-het-verleden-luang-wichit-wathakan-en-het-creeren-van-de-thaise-identiteit/