Kuratidzira Movements muThailand: Gungano reVarombo

Kwemakore akati wandei, nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzeThailand dzakanyarara kuitira kuti vanoenda pamudyandigere, vabvakure uye vashanyi vagone kunakidzwa nenyika yakanaka. Ikoko kwakanga kwakasiyana nguva pfupi yapfuura apo kufamba kwaibva kumativi matatu ezvamatongerwe enyika, tsvuku, yero uye yegirini, kwakakonzera kusagadzikana kukuru, kunyange zvazvo kwakaitika zvikurukuru muchikamu chiduku asi chakapfuma uye chinokosha cheBangkok. Nyaya iyi inotaura nezvechimwe chikwata chezvemagariro evanhu nehupfumi, The Assembly of the Poor.

Gungano reVarombo

The Assembly of the Poor, iyo yakazonzi AOP, ibato rakakura rinoda kumiririra zvido zvevanhu vese varombo, asi kunyanya vagari vekumaruwa vanosundirwa parutivi nebudiriro yehupfumi isingafungi nezvehupenyu hwavo. mamiriro ezvinhu. Musangano uyu wakarongwa panguva yemusangano paThammasaat University muna 1995 apo mauto akabatanidzwa kurwisa kuchengetedza zviwanikwa: mvura, ivhu, sango, hove uye kurwisa migodhi kuti ive nechokwadi chekurarama kwevanhu veko.

Chikonzero chekufamba uku kwaive kupikisa kuvakwa kwePak Mun Dam. (chinyorwa 1). Dhamu iri rakavakwa nekambani yehurumende yemagetsi yeEgat (nerubatsiro kubva kuWorld Bank) kuti igadzire magetsi uye rakavhurwa muna 1994. Ranga richitarisirwa kuita 136 MW rakanga risati rasvika. Mikana yaitarisirwa yekudiridza yakaramba isina kuzadziswa.

Mukuwedzera, kubata hove, uko kwakanga kuchikosha zvikuru nokuda kwokurarama kwevagari vomumusha imomo, kwakakuvadzwa zvikuru. Makumi mashanu emarudzi ehove mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu akatsakatika uye kubata hove kwakaderera ne60 kusvika pane dzimwe nguva 100 muzana. Kuchinja mukuchengetedza mvura kwakagumawo mukurasikirwa nenzvimbo huru dzenyika nemasango. Vagari vomumusha vanosvika 25.000 1995 vakarasikirwa nechikamu chikuru chemararamiro avo. Muna 90.000 vakagamuchira muripo wenguva imwe chete weXNUMX baht. Kuongororwa kwezvakatipoteredza kusati kwavakwa dhamu kwainyanya kukoshesa zvinokuvadza. Izvi zvinoshandawo, semuenzaniso, kudhamu reRasi Salai muSisaket, iro rakavakwa pamusoro pemunyu uye rakaisa chepfu muminda mizhinji yemupunga. Dhamu iroro harichashandi.

Thailand ine nhoroondo refu yekumukira uye kuratidzira, kunyanya kuNorth neNortheast, inotungamirwa nevarimi. Muenzaniso ndeye Peasant Federation yeThailand kufamba uye inogona kuwanikwa pano: www.thailandblog.nl/historie/boerenopstand-chiang-mai/

Kuratidzira kwekutanga

Kuratidzira kwakatanga panguva yekurongwa kwedhamu muna 1990 asi kwakazonyanya mushure mekuvhurwa kwedhamu muna 1994 uye kwakasvika pakakwirira muna 2000-2001 apo zvakabuda pachena kuti dhamu iri riri kukuvadza zvakadii kune zvakatipoteredza uye zviremera zvakaramba kubatsira vakawirwa nedambudziko iri kuti vateerere. Chikumbiro chevaratidziri ava chaive chekuvhurwa kwedhamu gore rose, kumiswa kwemamwe madhamu uye muripo unonzwisisika wekurasikirwa kwakaitwa.

Chichemo chavo chikuru ndechekuti vagari vekumaruwa vanga vachibhadhara mari yekusimudzira maindasitiri kunze kwenyika kunokurudzirwa nehurumende.

Kuratidzira kwekutanga kwakaitika padhamu chairo paivakwa musha. Chinangwa chekuratidzira ndechekuzivisa nguva dzose matambudziko nemhinduro dzakarongwa uye kuedza kuzviona. Kugadzira tsitsi chinhu chinodiwa uye vezvenhau vanoita basa guru mune izvi. Izvi zvakashanda zvakanaka kusvikira dambudziko rehupfumi ra1997, apo pfungwa dzakatamira kumatambudziko makuru panguva iyoyo: kuderera kwehupfumi hunosvika 20 muzana uye kuwedzera kwekushaya mabasa. Vezvenhau vakatamburawo vakarasikirwa nekufarira kuratidzira uku. Hurumende itsva yeChuan Leekpai (Mbudzi 1997), mukupesana neMutungamiriri wekare Chavalit, yakagadzira hunhu hwehutsinye hwakananga kuAOP. Hurumende yakapomera hurongwa uhwu kuita hutsinye, kuva nevavariro dzakaipa uye kumhanya mumaoko emaNGOs 'ekune dzimwe nyika', kukuvadza chimiro cheThailand uye kubvisa mvumo kubva kuhurumende yapfuura.

Iyo AOP yakanzwisisa kuti kuratidzira pasina kufarira vezvenhau kwaive kudzikisira uye yakafunga kuita mushandirapamwe muBangkok.

Kuratidzira muBangkok Kubvumbi-Nyamavhuvhu 2000

Iyo AOP yakanga yakura kuita bato rakakura kupfuura iro rinopesana nePak Mun Dam. Iye zvino akamiririra nyaya dzisiri dzemadhamu dzakadai semapoka evhu nemasango, nyaya dzehutano hwepabasa, kubata hove uye nharaunda dzezvitangwena muBangkok.

Varatidziri ava vakadzika matende pachivako chehurumende, Imba yeHurumende, uye vakapinda mumba macho kwenguva yakati kuti. Izvi zvakaitika musi wa16 Chikunguru. 224 vagari vemumusha vakasungwa, vakavharirwa uye vachipomerwa mhosva yekupinda zvisiri pamutemo. Mumwe wevatungamiriri vesangano iri, VaWanida Tantiwithayaphithak, vakati iyi ndiyo chete nzira yekumanikidza hurumende. "Taifanira kuisa njodzi," akadaro. Vezvenhau uye mazana maviri esainzi eThai vakashora mhirizhonga padivi renyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, vagari vomumusha wacho vaiwanzotsamwira vatori venhau nevatori venhau vavo, vachivapomera kuti vaingotaura divi rimwe chete.

VeThai vezvenhau nezvekuratidzira uku

Vezvenhau veThai vanotarisa zvakanyanya pazviitiko muBangkok. Kune vatori venhau vanobva mumapepanhau makuru mumapurovhinzi ese, uye zvechokwadi kubva kumagazini emutauro weThai, asi vanonyunyuta kuti havana kuvharwa zvakakwana, kunyangwe paine shanduko mumakore achangopfuura.

Zvakanga zvino zvave kuita kuti mushini wokudhinda ushande. Khaosod uye Bangkok Post akanyora nyaya dzakanaka. Peji rekutanga reBP rairatidza hove hombe ndokunyora kuti vanhu vemuraini vainamata kuti hove idzoke. Phuchatkaan, magazini yebhizimisi, yakanga isinganzwiri tsitsi uye yakashora kuratidzira kwacho. Mamwe magazini akaendesa kupikisa kwacho kumapeji ekumashure. Kambani yemagetsi Egat yakaburitsa chiziviso chakavanzwa sechinyorwa chenhau kudzivirira mutemo wayo. Mutungamiri Chuan akatumira mapurisa kune varatidziri. Vashandi vehurumende vakaitawo manzwi avo, sagavhuna weUbon Ratchathani, Siwa Saengmani, akataura zvinotevera muna Chivabvu 2000:

'Tichaita basa redu remutemo asi handisi kuzotaura kuti sei...Zvakaitika hazvienderane nemutemo...Vashandi vehurumende havagoni kumira vakangonyarara. Mhirizhonga haizobvi kune vane masimba asi pamaitiro evaratidziri."

Nhepfenyuro munondo unocheka kumativi maviri nokuti mhirizhonga yevaratidziri inoratidzwawo. Varatidziri vaiziva izvi asi vakatenda kuti vaive vasina sarudzo.

Zvisinei, musi wa25 Chikunguru, hurumende yakaita mutongo wakazadzisa zvimwe zvaidiwa nevaratidziri. Mapurojekiti matatu emadhamu akamiswa, Pak Mun Dam raizovhurwa mwedzi mina pagore kudzorera hove uye kuferefetwa kwekodzero dzevhu kwaizoitwa. Kuwedzera kuripwa kwevanhu vakakuvadzwa kwakarambwa.

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 17, pakanga paine foramu yekuvhara yevose vane chekuita paThammasaat University iyo yakatepfenyurwa ichirarama.

Thaksin Shinawatra akatora hurumende muna Kukadzi 2001. Chiito chake chekutanga chaive chekudya kwemasikati nevaratidziri vePak Mun kuratidza kuzvipira kwake kune zvichemo zvevarombo. Mushure mezvimwe zvivimbiso kubva kuhurumende yake, kuratidzira kweAOP kwakabva kwapera. Nekudaro, hazvina kusvika 2003 iyo Egat yakavhura makiyi ePak Mun Dam kwemwedzi mina pagore. Vese vezvematongerwo enyika vanokwanisa kuita vimbiso.

Kuratidzira kwazvino

Vhiki rapfuura, mazana mashoma evagari vemudunhu reThepha mudunhu reSonkhla vakaratidzira vachitsutsumwa nezvegwenya remagetsi raishandiswa nemarasha pamusangano wedare remakurukota kuSouth. Mapurisa akavamisa, akasunga vanhu gumi nevatanhatu vakaburitswa muhusungwa mushure memazuva akati wandei, ndokupa mamwe makumi maviri matsamba ekusungwa.

www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2017/11/29/jailed-thai-coal-protesters-cant-afford-bail/

Mhedziso

Kukurumidza kusimudzira maindasitiri mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kweThailand, mukuwedzera kune zvayakanakira mune zveupfumi, kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu hwevagari vekumaruwa. Zvavanofarira zvaisamboonekwa. Vezvematongerwo enyika havana kuvateerera.

Kuratidzira kwenguva refu mukati menyika, dzimwe nguva kuine mhirizhonga, asi pasina kukuvara kana kufa, zvaive zvakakodzera kumutsa maonero everuzhinji nenyika. Ndiyo chete nzira yavo yekuenda kune imwe muripo.

Muchina wokudhinda wakanga uri mubatsiri anodikanwa, asi dzimwe nguva wakakundikana kuita kudaro. Kodzero yekuratidzira chinhu chakakosha zvikuru kuona kuti nyika inonzwisisa, inoziva uye inoita chimwe chinhu pamusoro pezvido zvevanhu.

Kwete

1 iyo Pak Mun Dam (inonzi pàakmoe:n) iri pamuromo weMun River, makiromita mashanu kubva kuRwizi rweMekhong mudunhu reUbon Ratchathani.

Rungrawee Chalermsripit, Politics of Representation, A Case Study yeThailand's Assembly of the Poor, Critical Asian Studies, 36:4 (2004), 541-566

Bruce D. Missingham, The Assembly of the Poor in Thailand, kubva mumatambudziko emunharaunda kusvika kumusangano wekuratidzira wenyika, Silkworm Books, 2003.

Chinyorwa chiri muBangkok Post (2014) nezve kurwa kwaSompong Wiengjun nePak Mun Dam: www.bangkokpost.com/print/402566/

Yakamboburitswa paTrefpuntAzie