Zvematongerwo enyika & Buddhism: Mambo Mongkut & Kusikwa kweiyo Dhammayut Order

Wat Niwet Thammaprawat Ratchaworawihan itembere yechiBuddha yeDhammayut Order, iri mukati menzvimbo yeBang Pa-In Royal Palace muAyutthaya (Inoprasom / Shutterstock.com)

Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti Buddhism nezvematongerwo enyika zvakabatana zvisingaite muThailand. Asi ndizvo chaizvo here? Mune akati wandei emipiro yeThailand blog ini ndinotarisa kuti zvese zvakadyidzana sei nekufamba kwenguva uye kuti hukama hwesimba huripo chii uye kuti hunofanira kududzirwa sei. 

MuThailand muna 2020, kune vanofungidzirwa kuti 290.000 mamongi, tisingasanganisire manovices. Naizvozvo mumwe haafanire kurerutsa pesvedzero uye simba ringava rinobva kuSangha, nharaunda yemamongi echiBuddha.

Nenzira yesumo, ndinogona kutaura kuti mune chitendero chepasi rose - kana tichigona kuona Buddhism tichitaura sechitendero - uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakaparadzana. Kuparadzana kwakasimba kwechechi nenyika, pfungwa yakawana mukurumbira kuMadokero kubvira paKuvhenekerwa. Asi isu hatigari munyika yakanaka uye, kutaura zvakajeka, ndingakakavara kuti kubvira mazuva apo Gautama Siddhartha akatsinhanisa kwenguva pfupi nokuda kwekusingaperi, zvematongerwe enyika nechiBuddha zvakabatana murutivi urwu rwenyika.

Kubva pakuona kwenhoroondo, Buddhism muSiam yakashanda seimwe yedzakanyanya kukosha nzira dzekupa nyika pamutemo kubva pakati pezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe. Iyo Sangha yakava mbiru yemidziyo yehurumende iyo, kwete zvakangoitika, zvishoma nezvishoma yakaisa pakati panguva imwecheteyo pasi pehutongi hwakasimba hwenyika, hwakamira nemadutu enguva kusvika nhasi. Hazvina pasina chikonzero kuti credo yenyika kubva pakutonga kwaMambo Vajiravudh (1910-25) yanga iri "Chat, Satsana, Phra Maha Kasat” kana kuturikirwa zvakasununguka “Nyika, chitendero uye mambo, Utatu Hutsvene pakavakirwa nyika yeThai. Uye kusagadzikana kwemamongi muIsaan nekuchamhembe kweSiam mukutanga kwemakumi emakore ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri kwakatyisidzira Sangha. Kunyange chinjo huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakabva mukuvhozhokera kwa1932 dzakanga dzisina pesvedzero paukama huri pakati pezvamatongerwe enyika nechiBuddha. MumaXNUMX chete shanduko yaizoziviswa, uyezve nekuzengurira. Kukura kwepolarization uye kukakavadzana kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe kwakamanikidza maSangha kekutanga kutora zvinzvimbo zvinotungamira kune gakava riri pachena uye kuita zvematongerwo enyika kunosvika kure munharaunda yechitendero.

Mambo Mongkut

Kwemazana emakore, pave paine nzvimbo shoma yekugadziridza, ndoda kudzoreredza kana kuvandudza, mune Thai monastic tsika. Sezvazvakanga zvakaita muSri Lanka kana Burma, kuchinja kweSangha muSiam nguva dzose kwaiuya pakuraira kwamambo. Tsika yekare, iyo yakatanga kubva pakutonga kwemuchinda wechiBuddha Asoka, uyo akatonga Humambo hweMauryan hwakafukidza vazhinji veIndia subcontinent kubva 268 kusvika 232 BC. Mushure mekutanga kwenguva yeRattanakosin uye nheyo yemazuva ano Chakri dzinza, zvishoma zvakashanduka mutsika yehutungamiri hwehumambo hwechitendero. Yaive Rama I, akatonga kubva 1782 kusvika 1809, aive nemitemo yeSangha yakanyorwa mune yainzi Mutemo weZvisimbiso Zvitatu, muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvemutemo nemitemo yekuzvibata kubva panguva yeAyutthaya.

Makore zana gare gare, muna 1902, pasi pekutonga kwaChulalongkorn kana Rama V (1853-1910), kwete chete kuti Siam yakagadziridzwa, nyika yakarongwa patsva uye midziyo yezvematongerwo enyika yakaiswa pakati, asiwo Sangha Act iyo yakaisa nzanga dzemamongi echiBuddha pasi pechiremera chimwe chakasimba chehurumende. Izvi Act kugumisa kuzvitonga kunosvika kure kwemisha yemamongi yenzvimbo ndokuvamanikidza kupinda mudanga reBangkok. Chimiro chehurumende cheSangha chaive chiratidziro chenzira iyo Rama V akanga arongazve hurumende yake yehurumende, kuitira kuti zvigone kutaurwa kuti nenzira iyi Sangha chaizvoizvo yakave yekuwedzera kwemidziyo yehurumende. Uye izvi zvechokwadi zvakanga zvisiri masanga.

Nekuvandudzwa kwake kwezvishandiso zvehurumende, Rama V akaedza kuwana humwe hutongi pamusoro pevashandi vehurumende uye kumisa huwori hwakapararira, rusarura uye rusarura rwakanga rwakanyanya mumatunhu akanaka kubatsira nhengo dzemhuri kuwana mabasa anobhadhara. VaSangha vakamutevera mune izvi nokuti kubva zvino mamongi aigona kungokwira manera ehutungamiri hwechitendero chenyika kuburikidza nekusimudzira hurongwa hwekugadzwa kunoremekedzwa, izvo zvinonzi. samanasak. Izvi zvakapiwa nehurumende uye naizvozvo zvakanga zvakapesana zvikuru negadziriro yemazana emakore ekare yokugadzwa kwechitendero kubva kudzimba dzemamongi, iyo yakavakirwa paunhu hwomunhu hwakadai sekuzvipira uye mufambiro. Iyo yakatevera Sangha Mabasa yakaunzwa muna 1941 na1962 - yakazogadziridzwa muna 1992 na2013 - haina kumbochinja iyo Sangha's centralized authority system. Matunhu anotsaukira maBuddhism akadai sekushandisa mamwe mazita akadai sekuchamhembe khruba kana kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvisina kugadziridzwa mumutauro weThai asi, semuenzaniso, muThai Lanna kana Thai Noi, zvakanangwa nemaune uye zvakaderedzwa seasiri-Thai neiyi nzira yepakati. Izvi zvakatanga zvakadenha kuramba kwakasimba munaIsaan - ngatitaurei kune vanonzi 'Murume Mutsvene Kupanduka iyo yakaputika muna March 1901 - uye kuchamhembe uko mumongi ane simba uye anopikisa mufungi Khruba Srvivichai (1878-1939) akaramba achipikisa Bangkok kwemakore.

Rama V

Iyo stateification uye centralization yeSangha inogona kunyanya kuverengerwa kuna King Mongkut kana Rama IV (1804-1868) uye Dhammayut order yakavambwa naye. Rama V aive mumwe weakanyanya kunakidza hunhu mugumi nemapfumbamwe-yemakore ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kune vekuMadokero vanoona. Uye izvozvo zvakanga zvisiri pasina chikonzero. Icho hunhu hwekutanga kwebasa raMongkut kuti akabva atofanira kuita sarudzo dzakakosha uye haana kumbodzidzivisa. Aive muzukuru waRama I uye mwanakomana mukuru kubva kumuchato waRama II naMambokadzi Sri Suriyendra. Kudzika uku kwakamupa mamwe masimba mudare. Semuenzaniso, Mongkut ndiye ega muchinda ane zita rekuti Chao Fa '.muchinda wekorona yepamusoro aiva nechipo. Izvi hazvina kutadzisa munun'una wake mukuru Nangklao, akaberekwa kubva muukama hwaRama II nemurongo, kubva pakuiswa pamberi semugari wenhaka pachigaro neDare reVakuru. VaMongkut, avo vaimbove imba yemamongi, vakadzingwa nenzira iyi, vakapotsa vanyangarika vadzokera muimba yemamongi. Pasina mubvunzo, kupinda kutsva uku kwakakurudzirwa nekuzvichengetedza. Mushure mezvose, chimiro chake semumongi chakamutadzisa kubviswa nemukoma wake, sezvaiwanzoitika muOld Siam.

Mongkut, akange atorazve zita rake rekare remumongi Vajirayan, aive akangwara zvekusatarisana nemunun'una wake uye pamwe nekuwana magumo echimuti. Akachengeta chimiro chakaderera kwenguva yakati rebei uye, mukati mekuvanzika uye kuchengetedzeka kwemamongi, akafunga nzira yakanakisa yekutora. Vajirayan ainzwisisa zvirinani pane vashoma izvo hwaro hwemasimba hunotyisa hwaigona kuumbwa neSangha, nharaunda yechitendero cheBuddhist. Dambudziko, zvisinei, nderekuti yakanga yarasikirwa nemukurumbira wakawanda nekuda kwemhando dzese dzezvinyadzi. Akada kuona nemaziso ake pakanga pakaipa ndokutanga kutenderera nenyika. Nokushamiswa kunowedzera akaona kuti mamongi mazhinji akanga asinganyanyi kuomerera kumitemo yemamongi. Mukuona kwake, izvi zvakaderedza kuvimbika kwenharaunda dzemamongi uye naizvozvowo simba reSangha.

Pane imwe yenzendo dzake, Vajirayan akasangana nemumongi Buddhawangso muPhetchaburi muna 1829. Yakava nguva inokosha muupenyu hwake. Buddhawangso aive mumongi anozvinyima uyo ainyatsotevedzera zviga zvekuranga zviri mugwaro. vinaya, muunganidzwa wemitemo yemamongi. Nekuda kwekuyemura mumongi uyu, Vajirayan akafunga nezve shanduko huru yehupenyu hweThai monastic. Muchokwadi, nenzira iyi akapokana pachena kutendeseka kwemukoma wake, nekuti raive rimwe remabasa makuru emambo weSiamese kuchengetedza kuvimbika kweSangha. Muna 1833, Vajirayan akabatanidzwa zvakananga mukuvambwa kweDhammayut Nikaya, mutemo wemamongi waitsvaga kugadzirisa kuwanda kweBuddhism uye nekusimbisa kuzvipira. Dhammayut yakashandurwa zvakasununguka zvinoreva 'Avo vanobata Mutemo'. Murairo wacho wakadzokera kumanyuko ndokutendeukira kukunzvera magwaro ekaresa nokuwanwa kwezivo yakakwana yechiPali uku uchichenesa dzidziso yepraxis yakapararira youori, kutenda mashura namashiripiti.

Theravada Buddhism (Thu_Truong_VN / Shutterstock.com)

Kurongeka - iyo yakangozivikanwa zviri pamutemo neSangha muna 1894 sebato riri pamutemo mukati meSiamese Theravada Buddhism - yakagadzwa kubva pakutanga sesangano reelitist rakanangana nekutora mamongi kubva kumakirasi epamusoro nepakati. Vamwe vose, uye vazhinji, vakaunganidzwa naMongkut pasi peamburera yeMahanikaya order, iyo inoshandura zvakasununguka se '.iyo Grand Order' zvinoreva.

Mushure mekunge ave abbot wemutemo wakakosha weWat Bowonni muna 1836, temberi iyi yakava hwaro kubva kwairi shanduko yakatungamirwa nekurongeka. Basa rakakosha mukuwedzera kwehurongwa rakaitwa nemwanakomana waMongkut Vajirananavarorasa aive Supreme Patriarch kubva 1910 kusvika 1921. Pasinei nekuti iyo Dhammayut order yaive yakanyanya kuremerwa neyakakura kurongeka yeMahanikaya maererano nenhengo, yaive nesimba zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yekupedzisira. Izvi zvaive nechekuita nedziviriro yehumambo nerutsigiro rwakagamuchirwa mushure meMongkut, mushure memakore makumi maviri nemanomwe ehupenyu hwemamongi, akakwira chigaro cheSiamese muna 27 zvichitevera kufa kwaRama III. Kudzivirirwa kwoumambo uku kunopfuurira nanhasi.

Aya mafungu ekuvandudzwa, akakurudzirwa pachake naMongkut, akafananidzwa nesimba uye maitiro kune shanduko yeWahhabist yeIslam, iyo yakaitika panguva imwe chete. Mafambiro ese ari maviri aivavarira kusimbisa kusimba kwetsika kurwisa kuMadokero pesvedzero, asi izvi hazvina kureva kuti Mongkut aipesana neWest, pane kudaro. Aitaura Chirungu chakanaka uye chinopfuura chiLatin chishoma uye ainyanya kufarira mushonga, nyeredzi, tekinoroji yemauto, kufamba uye kuvaka ngarava. Akanga achiwirirana nemamishinari okuMadokero uye akaita kuti vana vake, kusanganisira Crown Prince Chulalongkorn, vawane dzidzo yokuMadokero.

Mukuona kwangu, iyo Dhammayut kurongeka kunofanira kuonekwa zvakanyanya sechiBhudha 'rumutsiriro'sangano raifanira kuumba mhinduro kune kukura kwekuvapo kweWestern uye zvirevo mukati uye kuSoutheast Asia. Panguva imwecheteyo kurongeka kwakatamba, saHenk Schulte Nordholt mune yake inonakidza kwazvo Nhoroondo yeSoutheast Asia yakaratidza, basa rakakosha mukumisikidzwa kwetsika dzeSiamese. Mutemo uyu wakabatanidza zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvaibatanidza chitendero, tsika nedzinza. Aya ndiwo maitiro, anodaro Schulte Nordholt, "utatu husingapatsanuriki hwenzvimbo, kuzivikanwa kwakafanana kwetsika nechitendero cheSiamese, uye umambo, uhwo munhoroondo yeSiamese hwakasimbiswa zvekare munguva yakapfuura inotendeseka.” Nenzira yemanomano, mhuri yehumambo - iyo, zvakangoitika kana kwete, yaivewo muchengeti weSangha - yakava chiratidzo chekutonga-kuenderera kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kugadzikana. Vagari vemunyika, zvisinei nekwavanobva dzinza, vaive vasiri vejure chete asiwo vanhu vehumambo uye nekudaro vakakurudzirwa kuti vatevedzere - nekumanikidza kana pasina kumanikidza - netsika huru yeSiamese. Iyi nzira yekuumbwa kwehurumende, hukama hwemarudzi uye yunifomu yetsika, inotsigirwa uye inoparadzirwa nehurongwa hweDhammayut, yakagonesa dzinza reChakri kuti ritore uye richengete simba rakazara, kunyangwe kana zvichida nekuda kwekutyisidzira kwekoloni kwakakonzerwa nemasimba ekuMadokero. yakachengetedzwa muSiam.

Imwe mhedzisiro yakananga yekusikwa kweiyo Dhammayut kurongeka, mumaonero angu, kubuda kwemafambiro maviri akajeka anosiyaniswa mukati meThai Theravada Buddhism: vashoma, elitist imwe uye ruzhinji, iyo ine mukurumbira wakanyanya kufarirwa. Kupatsanurana uku pakati pemirairo yeDhammayut neMahanikaya kwakaramba kuchiripo nanhasi, asi mubvunzo ndewekuti kwenguva yakareba sei... Dhammayut order inotora chikamu che6% chechitendero cheThai Buddhist, asi chave chichishanda kwemakumi emakore, nekuda kwe kudzivirirwa kwehumambo, mamiriro ekunze akanaka mumusangano we20 weSangha council. Uye izvo zviri kuramba zvichisangana nekushoropodzwa, uye chaizvo mumaonero angu.

Mukupedzisa, ndinoda kutaura kuti Mongkut akanga asiri muBhudha akazvipira kutsvaga kujekeswa kuburikidza nekukodzera kana murume aiyera Buddhism achipesana nechiedza cheWestern rationality. Mushure mekupedzisira akwira chigaro cheSiamese, kutonga kwake kwairatidzwa nehuviri hwekutonga hwaive hwakasiyana mudunhu. Imwe mbiru yakanga yakavakirwa papfungwa dzechiBuddha dzesimba nekutonga nepo imwe yacho yakavakirwa papfungwa dzekuMadokero dzepfungwa dzakafanana. Mongkut saka akazova baba wekutanga kwechiito chakaoma chekuenzanisa icho vanenge vatsivi vake vose vaifanira kuita, ndiko kutsvaka kwakaoma kwenzira yepakati pakati peMabvazuva neMadokero. Chiito chekuenzanisa icho, kune vamwe vevazukuru vake nevatevedzeri, kazhinji chaiita sekupatsanurwa kunorwadza ...