Mumwe ane gakava weDutch Consul General muBangkok
Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis
Makore zana apfuura, kurwisana kunodeura ropa kunozivikanwa seHondo Yenyika I kwakaguma. Mumupiro wekare ndakafunga muchidimbu iyo - inenge - yakakanganwa nyaya ye Siam Expeditionary Force uye ndakataura muchidimbu zvikuru kuna Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis, akanga asiri Consul-General asina kukakavara zvachose weNetherlands muBangkok munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis akaberekwa munaChikunguru 16, 1864 muAmsterdam semwana wekutanga mumhuri yegweta uye purofesa weGroningen Jacob Domela Nieuwenhuis naElisabeth Rolandus Hagedoorn. Mhuri yeDomela Nieuwenhuis yakavepo muNyika Dzakadzika kune mumwe Jacob Severin Nyehuis (1746-1818). Uyu kaputeni wezvikepe zvevatengesi veDanish akaputsikirwa nechikepe pamhenderekedzo yeKennemerland uye akafunga kugara muAlkmaar semutengesi mu '.Zvekuvhima Equipment uye Fireworks'.
Akaroora muGermany Maria Gertruda Scholl uye mwanakomana wavo, purofesa weArt and Philosophy Jacob, aizoroora muFrisian Carolina Wilhelmina Domela, iyo inotsanangura mazita maviri esurname… (1846-1919). Muparidzi uyu aisangova nhengo ine mukurumbira wakashata yeBlue Knot, asi akagadziridzwa kubva kune anopikisa mauto kuenda kune akanyanya magariro anarchist uye freethinker. Aive mumwe wevatangi uye vekutanga vesangano resocialist muNetherlands
Mashoko mashoma angawanwa pamusoro pouduku hwedu Ferdinand Jacobs anoratidza kuti akakurira akasununguka mudendere rinodziya. Mumhuri umo vafundisi, vafundisi nevakuru vakuru vemauto vaitonga, akanga akazadzwa nepfungwa yebasa uye, apedza zvidzidzo zvake, akasarudza kushandira nyika nokutsvaka zvizere basa romumiriri. Sezvo yaive tsika nenhengo dzechidiki dze Diplomatic Corps Domela Nieuwenhuis akashanda pamatare akasiyana-siyana munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, muEurope nemhiri kwemakungwa, kuti awane ruzivo nenzira iyi. Akauya kuAsia kekutanga paakagadzwa semunyori paConsulate General muSingapore muna Chivabvu 4, 1889. Nekudaro, haana kumbogara pano kwegore nekuti akakumbira uye akawana kuchinjirwa kwake kuna Consulate General muBangkok.
Kasiri kare, makore 400 ehukama hwehukama pakati peNetherlands neThailand akayeukwa, asi izvi zvakange zvaguma kuvapo mushure mekubhuroka kweVOC muna 1799. Siam, iyo yakaona pasina chikonzero mukuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, yakazvivharira muna 1855 ne. kuvhara iyo inonzi Bowring Treaty neEngland, yakavhurika kune yakakura kuonana neEurope. Semuenzaniso, muna 1860 Chibvumirano cheHushamwari, Commerce uye Navigation pakati peHumambo hweNetherlands neSiam yakagadzira mumiriri weDutch muguta guru reSiamese. Muna Chikunguru 1881 yakasimudzwa kune chinzvimbo cheConsulate General kuitira kuti itariswe zviri nani nedare reSiamese rakanyanya kutungamirwa neprotocol.
Iro ruzivo rwakakosha kuti kubva payakavambwa muna 1860, iyo Dutch Consulate yakamiririrawo zvinofarirwa neNorway neGerman Hanseatic maguta. Musi waChikunguru 3, 1890, Domela Nieuwehuis akasvika muBangkok pamwe chete nemukadzi wake weSwitzerland-German ane nhumbu Clara von Rordorf. Kwapera mwedzi, pana Nyamavhuvhu 5 kuti zvive chaizvo, mwana wavo wekutanga Jacob akaberekwa pano. Musi waChikunguru 29, 1892, nzvimbo yaDomela Nieuwenhuis muBangkok yakapera uye mhuri yakadzokera kuHague, uko dangwe ravo rakafira muna Gumiguru 19, 1893. Hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti Domela Nieuwenhuis akasvika riini muSouth Africa, asi zvine chokwadi kuti nguva pfupi yapfuura Hondo Yechipiri yeBoer (1899-1902) akagadzwa semukuru wedhipatimendi uye gare gare charge d'affaires muPretoria. Kufanana neruzhinji rwemaonero eruzhinji muNetherlands neFlanders, akanzwa kubatana ne '.hama' Afrikaner Boeren uye akatanga kuvenga maBritish.
Muna 1903 mhuri yacho, yakanga yakura nevana vatatu, yakadzokera kuSiam, nguva ino ina Ferdinand Jacobus sacharge d'affaires akanga achangogadzwa. Sezviri pachena akaita basa rake zvinogutsa The Hague, nekuti makore mana gare gare akagadzwa Consul-General weNetherlands akasemwa kuna Consulate General muBangkok. Iri ndiro rakanga riri basa repamusoro-soro raibvira romumiriri nokuti panguva iyoyo hurongwa hwevamiriri nevamiririri vakanga vasati vavapo. Zvido zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika zvakasimudzirwa nekudzorwa kuburikidza nematare, consulates uye izvo zvinodaidzwa.vashumiri veplenipotentiary. Magwaro achiripo ane chekuita nekugara kwaDomela Nieuwenhuis muBangkok anoratidza kuti aive munhu aiteerera, anongwarira uye anoshanda nesimba. Unhu husina chakaipa nahwo, dai pasina kuti, maererano nevakararama panguva imwe cheteyo, unyanzvi hwomunzanga hwomurume wacho hwakanga husina zvakawanda. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti kugara kwake kwenguva refu muSiam kwakamuita nhengo ye wekare wevamiriri venyika dzekuMadokero, akanga akundikana mumakore ose iwayo kukudziridza kunzwisisa kupi nokupi, tisingaregi kunzwira tsitsi, nokuda kwevaenzi vake vechiSiamese. Aive nemukurumbira pakati pezviremera zveSiamese nevamwe vamiriri vevane hutsinye uye kunyangwe vasina hunhu. Mafungiro akawedzera panguva yehondo.
Nekuda kwechibvumirano chepamberi pehondo, Dutch Consul General muBangkok akamiririra zvido zvevanhu veGerman neAustro-Hungarian munyika kana vakazonetsana nehurumende yeSiamese. Kubva panguva iyo Siam yakazivisa hondo kuCentral Powers munaChikunguru 22, 1917, vese vabvakure kubva munharaunda dzambotaurwa, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, vakaunganidzwa ndokuvharirwa. Domela Nieuwenhuis akabuda munzira yake kuti auye kuzovabatsira, uye zvisinei nekusarerekera kwepamutemo kwerudzi rwaaimiririra, haana chaaigona kuita asi kutsoropodza maBritish panguva yakakodzera uye kazhinji nenzwi guru, waakaramba achivenga zvakanyanya sezvaaigara. muSouth Africa… Uyezve, mumiriri wechiDutch uyu akambosangana neveGreater Germanic oriented Zvose German Association zvachose hapana chakavanzika chemaitiro ake echiGerman. Netherlands ingangove yakaramba isiri muhondo ndokuronda kusatora rutivi chaiko, asi Mumiriri Mukuru weDutch muBangkok sezviri pachena akanga asina basa nazvo.
Saka zvakanga zvisingashamisi kuti mumiririri weGermany Remy akanga ari pamusoro pemumiriri chete aiva nemashoko ekurumbidza nokuda kweizvi. 'mudhara anotyisa'. Leiden-akapedza kudzidza munyori wenhoroondo Stefan Hell, ane mhedziso chiremera panhoroondo yeSiam muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, anotsanangurwa mubhuku rake rakajairwa rakaburitswa muna 2017. Siam uye Hondo Yenyika I - Nhoroondo Yepasi Pose Kuita kwaDomela sezvinotevera: 'Iri dinosaur yekolonial diplomacy yaiva mudziviriri ane simba wezvido zveGermany uye mutambudzi wemuchinda Devawongse'.
Mambo Vajiravudh – ksl / Shutterstock.com
Prince Devawongse aive gurukota rezvekunze reSiamese uye sekuru-sekuru vaMambo Vajiravudh. Domela Nieuwenhuis haana kukwanisa kuramba kubhomba muchinda netsamba uye zvikumbiro kwemwedzi ichipera. Gurukota rinoona nezvekunze kweSiamese, iro rinozivikanwa nekuchenjerera, rakange rasvotwa nemaitiro aDomela zvekuti rakabva rasvipira munyoro mutsamba yakanyorerwa nhumwa yekuBritain, Sir Herbert. Domela Nieuwenhuis zviito zvakarambwa sehupenzi apo Dutch Consul General wezita re '.chembere benzi' yakapiwa. Nechokunopera kwa1917, kunyange mambo weSiamese akatanga kutsamwiswa nokupindira kusingagumi kwaDomela nomudzimai wake, avo sezviri pachena havana kusiya chinhu chipi nechipi chinoitika mukutarisira fariro dzeGermany. Muna Zvita 1918, zvakaitwa naDomela zvakatozivikanwa pasi rose apo sangano renhau reReuters rakaparadzira mashoko ekuti hurumende yeSiamese yakanga yamhan'ara kuna Consul General kuHague… Bazi reSiamese rinoona nezvekunze rakaramba izvi, asi zvaive pachena kuti Domela. Nieuwenhuis ndiye aive ayambuka miganhu yekushivirira kweSiamese…
Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis akanga asina hanya nehurumende yeDutch uye nekuona kwangu kuti hapana zvirango zvakatorwa kwaari. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yake muBangkok yakanga isingachinjiki uye hondo ichangopera akaendeswa chinyararire kuMumiriri Mukuru muSingapore. Yakanga iriwo chigaro chake chekupedzisira nekuti akaenda pamudyandigere muna 1924 ndokugara nemhuri yake kuThe Hague, kwaakafira muna Kukadzi 15, 1935.
Kupedzisa neizvi: Ferdinand Jacobus akatokurirwa muchimiro cheGermany nemunun’una wake Jan Derk (1870-1955) akanga ari mushumiri akachinja muGhent pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yokutanga. Akanga ari simba raitungamirira boka duku revanhu veFlemish avo, vasati vapera 1914, vakasarudza kushandira pamwe neGermany Empire netariro yekuparadza hurumende yeBelgian uye masangano uye kuwana rusununguko rweFlemish. Chitsidzo icho chisina kungomuunza chete kusangana nevepamusoro denderedzwa reGerman, asi zvakare chakamupa mutongo werufu asipo mushure mehondo…
Yakatumirwa naLung Jan
Ini ndichasiya pasina kupokana zvaunonyora nezve mutambi mukuru, pandisina kuwana nzwisiso yenyaya yacho yese.
Mhuri yeFDN inokubata nerusununguko rwakati. Musoro wesangano resocialist muNetherlands haakodzere kuunzwa senhengo ine mukurumbira wakashata weBlue Button, kwete nekuti tsananguro iyi inokodzera kupopota patafura yenguva dzose, asi nekuti kuzvidzora uye kuzvidzora zvaive chinhu chakakosha chesocialism yezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. . Iyo qualification ingadai yakave yakakodzera dai akazengera pachena kubva kumitemo yemaitiro…
Kana iwe uchida kutaura zvakaipa, usanongedza miseve yako kuFDN asi kumusangano wesocialist wakaratidza hunhu hwayo hwekutanga hwemabhunu mukushoropodza hukama hweFDN kunze kwemuchato.
The Flemish DN, kunyange zvazvo akatongerwa rufu muBelgium nokuda kwokupandukira, akakwanisa kugara muNetherlands “isina kwaakarerekera; Akanga ari muparidzi muOlterterp muFriesland kwemakore akawanda uye hama dzangu dzaisazivikanwa ikoko. Haana kungoratidza pfungwa yake yehukama hwemadzinza mune zvematongerwo enyika: akagamuchirawo mvumo kubva kuKB yekuwedzera "Nyegaard" kune yake yaitotyisa surname, iyo Danish yekutanga mushure mekuti zita rekuti Nieuwenhuis rakaumbwa. Asi ndiri munzira yekudivi renzira.
Ndinoda kunyanya kuona mabviro enyaya yako.
Chakanga chisiri chinangwa changu kuseka 'Red Reverend' uye ndinokumbira ruregerero kana ndikapa pfungwa iyoyo.
Pandakanga ndichitsvaga nezveBurma Railway makore mashoma apfuura, ndakasangana nemamita mashanu emafaira ane chekuita neConsulate General muBangkok pakati pa1860-1942 muNational Archives muHague. (Inventory number 2.05.141 Chikamu chikuru chehomwe iyi inonakidza yekuchengetera zvinhu zvine hukama zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga naDomela Nieuwenhuis. Kubva mutsamba dzake uye nemishumo yake yaaigara achitsanangura, ndinogona kugumisa kuti akaita basa rake nekungwarira. Nokuti mufananidzo wehunhu hwake uye maitiro ake echiGerman, ini chokwadi handina kungozvimisira pabhuku reGehena, asi ndakaongorora zvakare mudura reBazi rezvekunze kwenyika muNational Archives muBangkok (Inventory KT 65/1-16), ine zvinyorwa zvinonyanya kufadza, maererano netsamba uye zviito zvaDomela munguva ye1917-1918. Kana tichitaura nezve 'Flemish' Jan Derk Domela Nieuwenhuis, ini nemaune handina kuenda kune zvimwe zvakadzama pamusoro peGreat Germanic uye Scandinavian yake. Mafungiro nekuti yaive nzira yekudivi yemugwagwa wepadivi uye Zvisinei, kana iwe uchida, ndinoda kukuendesa kubhuku rangu 'Kuzvarwa kubva mukukurumidzira kwemafungu - Nhoroondo yekuratidzira (1914-1918)' iyo, kana zvese zvikafamba sekuronga, zvichaburitswa muzhizha ra1919 kuoneka uye umo Jan Derk anowanzo tamba inotungamira.
Kutenda kwakanyanya kune tsananguro uye kururamiswa kwenzira dzako mune yakaodha mapepa maze kana yeDutch diplomacy muBangkok. Dai iwewo usangane naOlterterper Reverend panzira itsva: Ndinotarisira kuisa maoko angu pamusoro pebhuku parinooneka.
Kuti muongorori anoshingaira wezvinyorwa uye anoda chokwadi chezvakaitika kare akanga asina chinangwa chokuseka FDN, ndinotora shoko rake pamusoro pazvo. Asi kushamisika kunoramba kuripo.
Chero zvazvingava, chinyorwa chinoratidza zvakajeka kuti mhuri yeDomela Nieuwenhuis inoziva nhamba dzinoverengeka dzisina kururama, iyo Ferdinand nemafambiro ake haana kuita Netherlands chero zvipi zvayo muThailand.
Zvinonzwisisika kuti vanhu vakawana Hondo dzeBoer vanopesana neBritish (vaChirungu ndivo vakagadzira misasa yevasungwa!). Vanhu ivavo vangadai vasina kunge vari dai vakaona makuva ehondo pedyo neYpres (muBelgium).
Zvinoita sezvisina kusimba kwandiri kuti nditi hama dzeDomela Nieuwenhuis 'dzisina kururama'. Tiri kurarama munguva dzatinoratidzika kuva nekatsika kekuisa maonero etsika dzemazuva ano pane zvakapfuura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mukuona kwangu, tinorasikirwa nekugona kunzwira tsitsi nemafungiro evanhu venguva iyoyo uye kubata kuoma kwenhoroondo panguva yavakazviwana. Kusiyana neHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, ichi chimiro chetsika hachibvumiri mutsara wakajeka kutorwa pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, tisingatauri mhinduro isina kujeka kumubvunzo wemhosva. Nezvekupedzisira, tarisa basa rekutanga raJHJ Andriessen kana Christopher Clark ... Ndaida kungoratidza kuti tsvakurudzo yangu kune zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti zviito zveDutch Consul General muBangkok hazvina kugamuchirwa zvakaenzana kwose kwose uye sezviri pachena. vakamutsa gakava. Akanga asiri iye ega chiremera cheDutch chinogona kufungidzirwa 'deutschfreundlichkeit' munguva yeWWI. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, ngatifungei nezveMukuru-Mukuru weDutch Armed Forces, General Snijders kana Prime Minister Cort van der Linden…. Sekukwanisa kwangu kuona, Ferdinand Jacobus haana kutsiurwa nemushandirwi wake, chimwe chinhu chakaitika, semuenzaniso, kune mutsivi wake HWJ Huber, uyo akakurudzirwa kuita kudaro neGurukota rezveKune dzimwe nyika muna 1932, mushure mekunge zvichemo. kuti ape chigaro chake 'chinoremekedzwa'...
Uye nekukasira kuisa 'zvisizvo' zveDomelas mumaonero; Jan Derk, kunyangwe zvake aizviti Germanendom nemoyo wese, aive mupikisi akasimba weNazi munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Mushure mekunge mwanakomana wake Koo apondwa munaGunyana 25, 1944 mumba make muGroningen neSicherheitsdienst commando, akasungwa neGestapo, akaiswa mujeri kwechinguva ndokuzovharirwa paSchiermonnikoog kwehondo yese…