Midzi yebudiriro yeKhmer

Khmer King Jayavarman VII Mambo weKhmer Prasat hin phimai Castle Thailand

Budiriro yeKhmer, ichiri yakafukidzwa nengano, nenzira isingarambiki yakapesvedzera zvikuru zvakawanda zvezvinonzi nhasi Southeast Asia. Zvakadaro mibvunzo mizhinji inoramba isina kupindurwa kune vezvenhoroondo nevanochera matongo nezvekwakabva humambo hunofadza uhu. Tichifunga nezvekukosha kwebudiriro iyi pakubuda kweThailand yemazuva ano, ndakafunga kuti zvingave zvinonakidza kutora nguva yekufunga nezvazvo.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kubva muzana ramakore rechishanu renguva yedu kwave nekukura kwemaguta madiki, anodyidzana kana anodyidzana emaguta uye matunhu muMekong Delta, iyo Angkor Borei, Sambor Prei Kuk, Banteay Prei Nokor uye Wat Phu ndivo vakawanda. zvakakosha.zvinhu. Aya madiki-nyika akatangira kubva kune akakomberedzwa Iron Age kunogara kumahombekombe uye mumupata wakaorera weMekong uye akafurirwa zvakanyanya neNorth Indian Gupta dzinza (320-554).

Kurudziro iyi haina kungoratidzwa chete mukushandiswa kweSanskrit semutauro wakajairika, asiwo mukutsinhana kunofadza kwezvinhu nemazano. Imwe yepfungwa yaizodzika midzi munharaunda mukati menguva yezvizvarwa zvishomanana yakanga iri iya yokutonga kwoudzvinyiriri. Zvichipesvedzerwa netsika dzechitendero dzechiBrahmanism, pfungwa dzechiIndia dzehutungamiriri, uye boka rinokurudzira revamwari avo Shiva naVishnu vaive varatidziri vakuru vavo, humambo hwakavapo kubva ku "mukuru" wenzvimbo, umo mutungamiri akashandisa simba pamusoro penzvimbo , kumamiriro ezvinhu makuru ezvematongerwo enyika-kutonga umo madzishe akaderera akava nechikwereti kuna mambo wepakati. Tsime remweya resimba paigara chiremera cheumambo rakanga risiri rekare, asi musanganiswa wekuda kuziva wechiBuddha cheMahayana neTheravada, kunamatwa kwaShiva naVishnu uye chiTantrism, chakazadzwa nemuto wemitambo isinganzwisisike nemashiripiti umo simba, simba uye kubereka. dzaive pakati.

Muchirevo ichi chezvematongerwo enyika-kutonga, kusimbiswa kwakasimba kwakaiswa pakubatana pakati pehurongwa hwekudenga hwehumwari uye kugadzikana uye hutungamiri hwepasi, hwakanga huri muumambo. Nemamwe mashoko, vatungamiriri ava vakanga vasina kana miganhu yakanyatsorondedzerwa kana kuti masangano anodzora akatsiga, asi chaizvoizvo akanga ari musanganiswa wakapararira wezvamatongerwe enyika norudzidziso umo mambo airangarirwa somumiriri asingarambiki wenhevedzano youmwari pasi pano. Kubuda kweiyi pfungwa itsva yechitendero kwakaperekedzwa ne-zvishoma-zvishoma-maitiro ekuwedzera kwezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvakaita kuti Humambo hweKhmer huve hukuru uye hwakagadzikana. Nenzira yakarongeka, Khmer yakakwanisa kuwedzera simba ravo nekubatanidza nzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo uku kwakaperekedzwa nekuwedzera kwekurima, kukura kwehuwandu hwevanhu uye nekusiyana kwakasimba munharaunda, izvo zvakaita kuti madzimambo ave nevanhu vazhinji, uye nekudaro basa nezviwanikwa, zvavaigona kwete chete kusimbisa masimba avo asiwo. kuwedzera kuwedzera.

Vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji nhasi vanofungidzira kuti mavambo ebudiriro yeKhmer ari mumatunhu ari kukurumidza kusimukira eFunan, ayo akapararira kumaodzanyemba kweVietnam neCambodia, uye Chendla kuchamhembe kweCambodia. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu, Funan, iyo yaigarwa zvakanyanya naMon neKhmer, yakatanga kuparara uye Chendla akawana simba rakawanda, iro rakasvika pakakwirira pasi pekutonga kwamambo wechitatu uye wekupedzisira Isanavarman I. Kana Funa kana Chendla sezviri pachena vakakwanisa kutonga matunhu madiki akasiyana uye maguta-matunhu, ndoda kuvaisa pasi pechiremera chimwe chepakati. Iyi nguva yose saka yakaratidzwa nekusagadzikana uye mhirizhonga dzakawanda dzemunharaunda.

Phimai Historical Park, Thailand. Matongo eguta rekare reKhmer

Jayavarman II (c. 770-835), mambo anoda chinzvimbo uye mutungamiriri wehondo uyo angangodaro aiva nechikwereti kuumambo hweIndonesian Buddhist Srivijaya, pakupedzisira akakwanisa kuisa hukuru hwematunhu aya pasi pesimba rake. Zvinotendwa kuti akawedzera humambo hwake kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCambodia. Anonzi akatanga kutora guta rakabudirira reVyadhapura. Neguta iri senzvimbo yake, akafamba nemauto ake nemumupata weMekong ndokukunda Sambhupura uye gare gare Banteay Prei Nokor. Nhanho inotevera yaive kutorwa kweWat Phu, iri kumaodzanyemba kweLaos yemazuva ano. Yakanga iri kubva munharaunda iyi iyo Jayavarman II akaenda kuMakomo eDangrek, akazopedzisira ave pedyo neAngkor yemazuva ano.

Mugore ra802 CE Jayavarman II akazvizivisa mumhemberero paPhnom Kulenuit chakravartin, 'mutongi wechisiko chapose pose'. Nheyo yenzvimbo yake yesimba yakaumbwa nemaguta matatu: Guta rekare raigona kunge riri Indrapura, iyo maererano neyakafukunurwa dombo inonzi yakavambwa muna 781. Nanhasi, vanochera matongo havabvumirani pane paimbova neguta iri. Nzvimbo chaiyo yeguta rechipiri, Mahendraparvata, yaivewo yakavanzika kwemazana emakore akawanda. Zvisaririra zvaro zvakangowanikwa mu2012 neBritish-Australia timu yevanochera matongo vachishandisa nzira itsva, yekuchinja Lidar scanning. Guta guru rechitatu reJayavarman II raive Hariharalaya, yemazuva ano Roluos pedyo neSiem Reap. Zvizhinji zvezvivakwa zvetemberi, kusanganisira Preah Ko, Bakong naLolei, zvinopupurira chinzvimbo chesimba icho Khmer Empire ichangotanga yakagara munzvimbo iyi.

Bayon temberi kuAngkor Wat complex, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Kusvika nanhasi, gakava riripo pakati pevanyori venhoroondo dzekuti kutonga kwaJayavarman II kwaitova nguva yechinjo munhoroondo yeCambodia. Maererano nevakawanda, akavaka umambo kubva pakutanga, sokunge zvakadaro, asi maererano nevamwe, kutonga kwake kwaingova kupfuurira kwemutsara wakareba zvikuru. Apo kune Jayavarman II, panofanirawo kunge kune Jayavarman I ... Chinhu chimwe chinomira sechirevo chechirevo pamusoro pemvura yakaenzana yetsumo: Nehumambo hweJayavarman II sehwaro, Khmer yakawedzera nzvimbo yavo. Vakatamira kuchamhembe vachiyambuka bani reKhorat ndokupinda nekure mune yava kunzi Isan nhasi. Nepo iyo Khmer yakapinda kumadokero kwakadzika mukati meiyo yakaorera Chao Phraya bheseni uye kunyange mberi. Havana kusangana nekupikisa panguva yekuwedzera kwenzvimbo iyi, asi munzira yekumabvazuva vakadhumhana neCham pakati peyava kunzi Vietnam, iyo yakakwanisa kumisa kupikisa kwaidiwa.

Panguva iyi ndipo panoonekwawo zita rekuti Kambuja kekutanga kutsanangura humambo huri kukura nekukurumidza. Vatsivi vaJayavarman II vakavaka Angkor muguta ravo guru uye vakagadzira hupfumi hwakakura hwakanga husingaenzaniswi muSoutheast Asia. Naizvozvo zvakange zvisiri masanga kuti muhafu yekupedzisira yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe, Siam paakatanga kutsvaga kuzivikanwa kwenhoroondo, vanhu vakatendeukira kubudiriro iyi yakasarudzika.