Masvingo eguta reAyutthaya

Mepu yeAyutthaya 1686

Gore rapfuura munaNovember ndakanyora mipiro miviri yeiyi blog nezve nhoroondo yeguta madziro eChiang Mai naSukhothai. Nhasi ndinoda kufungisisa nezve - yakanyangarika zvakanyanya - rusvingo rweguta reAyutthaya, guta rekare reSiamese.

Ayutthaya, iyo muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu negumi nemanomwe yakatsanangurwa nevakawanda vakashamisika vashanyi vekuMadokero seyakanaka, inoyevedza metropolis, pasina mubvunzo yaive rimwe remaguta akanakisa uye anofema muAsia uye pamwe kunyangwe munyika. Kunyangwe vatengesi vechiDutch vakadai saJeremias van Vliet, aive mukuru mutengesi weVOC muAyutthaya kubva 1639 kusvika 1641, vanozivikanwa nekuzvidzora kwavo, vakashaya hukuru hwekutsanangura guta iri rine mavara uye rinoshamisa. Dzimba dzehumambo dzekufungidzira uye temberi dzakanaka pamwe netiweki yemigero yakabatikana yakamutsa ndangariro dzeVenice, Bruges neAmsterdam pakati pevafambi vekuMadokero. Maonero ekutanga avakaona guta aive pedyo neguta, nechikepe, mhiri kweChao Phraya. Uye mufananidzo iwoyo wekutanga wakatemwa nemadziro eguta akakwirira, anoyevedza akacheneswa, pamusoro pawo matenga eorenji-dzvuku uye akasvibira akadzika aipenya uye chedis eruvara rwegoridhe zvakamira zvakatarisana nedenga raipenya, rinopenya.

Ayutthaya yakabuda munenge muna 1350 padivi pemahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweChao Phraya seguta satellite reSukhothai. Nekushandisa zvine hungwaru nzizi nhatu dzaiyerera munzvimbo iri pedyo (Rwizi rweLopburi, Pa Sak River neMen Nam kana Chao Phraya) uye nekuchera network yemigero inofambika uye moats inodzivirira, iyo muzana ramakore regumi neshanu iri kukurumidza kuwedzera guta kupinda. izvo zvisingagoni kutsanangurwa neimwe nzira sechitsuwa chakakura kwazvo uye chine hunyanzvi. Nzvimbo iyi haina kuitika netsaona: Ayutthaya yakanga iri kunze kwemuganhu weGulf of Siam, izvo zvakaita kuti kurwiswa kwakananga kubva kugungwa kunyanye kuoma uku ichideredza njodzi yemafashama. Nzvimbo iri mukati mebhandi remigero nenzizi uye padyo nemachakwi nevhu rakanyorova iro rakanga risiri nyore kufamba, uko kwaitonga umhutu hwemarariya, zvakaita kuti Ayutthaya rive guta rakaoma kwazvo kutora.

Kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nenhanhatu, nzvimbo shomanene bedzi dzemuzinda muguta dzakanga dzakakomberedzwa nematombo ejecha. Mamwe ese eguta aidzivirirwa nemadziro akakora evhu akaiswa pamusoro pemapuranga akavakwa pasi pekutonga kwaRamathibodi I (1350-1369). Hapana chero chinhu chakasara chezvidziviriro izvi zvepakutanga, asi zvidimbu zveiyi yekutanga rampart zvichiri kuwanikwa pazvikonzero zve Wat Ratcha Pradit Sathan. Zvivako izvi zvaisapikisa vaBurma uye muna Nyamavhuvhu 30, 1569 guta rakatorwa. Aive mambo weBurmese Maha Thammaracha, akatonga kubva 1569 kusvika 1590, akavandudza zvivakwa zvekudzivirira zveguta mukupindura kutyisidzira kweCambodian. Akarayira kuti masvingo evhu aputswe uye kuti kuvakwa kwemasvingo eguta rezvidhina kumiswe. Icho chokwadi chekuti pfuti nepfuti zvaiwedzera kushandiswa kuparadza nzvimbo dzekudzivirira zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerawo kune iyi sarudzo yakaoma.

Pasinei nokuti iri rakanga riri basa guru, basa guru iri rakapedzwa mumakore mashomanana chete. Basa racho rakapedzwa muna 1580 nokuwedzera masvingo eguta kusvikira kunzizi. Magedhi eguta makuru 12 uye magedhi emvura 12 akavakwa mumirwi yaibvumira kupinda muguta guru. Rimwe nerimwe remasuo aya rakanga rakafara zvokuti ngoro yenzombe yaipfuura napo, uye akanga akashongedzwa nekorona yakareba mita imwe chete yakapendwa yeropa. Sarudzo yenhamba iyi ingangove isiri masanga asi zvine chekuita nekufamba kwemakore gumi nemaviri kweChinese zodiac. Kwete pasina chaive zita reguta muSanskrit Maha Nagara Dvaravati zvakashandurwa pachena 'Guta Guru rine Gates ' zvinoreva. Mukuwedzera kuaya magedhi makuru, zvisinei, kwakanga kunewo gumi namaviri masuo maduku nemikoto yakashongedzwa korona namaberere anoyevedza, kazhinji kazhinji akafara zvakakwana kuti munhu mukuru apfuure napo kana kuti ayo akanga ari rutivi rwegadziriro yakaoma yokudiridza. Muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wegedhi rakadaro, asi mukuda kwekukurumidzira kudzorerwa, ndiyo Pratu Chong Kut, iyo inogona kuwanikwa kuseri kweWat Rattanachai City Council School.

Masvingo eguta pachawo airatidza zvinoyevedza. Kuti nditi vaive monumental hamheno. Paavhareji dzaive dzakakora anenge mamita 2,5 uye kukwirira kwemamita 5 kusvika ku6,5 uye dzakashongedzerwa nemambundira nemakona akasimba. Iwo akamiswa panheyo yakasimba inoumbwa nenheyo yevhu rakanyatsorongedzwa, laterite uye dombo rakapwanyika rakanga ravigwa mamita akati kuti kudzika. Mukati memadziro makanga mune chidziro chevhu chakareba mamita 3 kusvika ku4 uye chakafara mamita mashanu pakureba kwose, icho chaishandiswa pavarindi veguta. Kana mirwi yakanga isingaganhuri nenzizi, yakanga yakachengetwa nomugero wakafara mamita makumi maviri uye wakadzika mamita matanhatu. Rutivi rwakarebesa rwemadziro rwaiva rwakareba makiromita anopfuura 5, rupfupi makiromita maviri. Kuvakwazve kwechikamu kwemadziro eguta kunogona kuwanikwa paHua Ro Market, nepo chikamu chikuru chechigadziko chichiri kuwanikwa kumadziro ekuchamhembe kweGrand Palace.

Muna 1634, ichangopfuura hafu yezana remakore vaBurma vapedza kuvaka masvingo eguta rezvidhina, mambo weSiamese Prasat Thong (1630-1655) akaita kuti masvingo eguta agadziridzwe uye asimbiswe zvikuru. Pakati pa1663 na1677, pakukumbirwa naMambo Narai (1656-1688), masvingo ose eguta akatorwa nomuJesuit weSicilian uye mugadziri wemapurani Tommaso Valguernera, akanga avaka chechi yeSan Paulo munzvimbo yePortugal makore mashoma akanga apfuura. Apo muna 1760 kutyisidzira kwekupinda kweBurmese kwakava kwechokwadi, aimbova Mambo Uthumphon, akanga atonga muna 1758, akadzoka kubva kuimba yemamongi kwaakanga adzokera kunoronga kudzivirira kweguta. Akaunganidza chikamu chikuru chevanhu uye pasina nguva akakwanisa kumisa rusvingo rwechipiri, runotyisa rweguta pamberi peGreat Palace, nepo nzira dzemvura nemigero dzakavharwa nemahunde makuru etiak. Chikamu chidiki kwazvo cheiyi yakagadziridzwa asi yakasimba kwazvo yekudzivirira chimiro chakachengetedzwa pamwe neU-Thong Road pakati peWat Thammikarat neKlong Tho.

Mukuru weVOC mutengesi Jeremias Van Vliet akanyora muna 1639 kuti Ayutthaya yakanga isina akakosha mabhesheni ematombo kana nhare. Dzimwe nhoroondo dzenguva yacho dzinosimbisa nyaya iyi. Kwaingove kutaura nezvenzvimbo dzekudzivirira dzakachengetedzwa nemapalisades. Sezviri pachena, vagari veguta guru reSiamese vainzwa vakachengeteka seri kwemasvingo eguta racho zvokuti vakanga vasingafaniri kuva nenhare dzokuwedzera. Pamepu yeguta yakavimbika iyo murume wechiFrench Nicola Bellin muna 1725 L'Histoire Générale des Voyages rakabudiswa naAbbé Antoine Prévost, zvisinei, hapana asingasviki gumi nenhatu masvingo ezvidhinha anogona kuwanikwa, anenge ese ari chikamu chemasvingo eguta. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvinoreva kuti mukati memakore asingasviki zana masvingo eguta akawedzera uye akasimbiswa. Izvi, chokwadika, zvaiva nechokuita netyisidziro inenge yechigarire yehondo yaibva muBurma yakavakidzana nayo. Manhare makuru aive Sat Kop Fort, Maha Chai Fort nePhet Fort ayo aidzora masuo makuru eguta nemvura. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofungidzira kuti maSiamese akabatsirwa kudhirowa zvirongwa zvenhare idzi nevainjiniya vemauto echiPutukezi vakapawo kana kuti vaive nepfuti zhinji dzaidiwa dzakakandwa mumashopu emunharaunda. Zvisinei, munenge muna 13, akanga ari mukuru mukuru weFrance de la Mare, akanga ari mumwe wevamiriri veFrance vokutanga kudare raMambo Narai, akapiwa mhosva yokuvaka nokugadziridza nhare dzinoverengeka. De la Mare akanga asiri injiniya asi mutyairi wenzizi, asi izvi sezviri pachena hazvina kutadzisa maFrench kushanda pakumwe gadziridzazve nhare dzemauto kusvika 1686.

Dzinenge gumi neimwe dzeidzi nhare dzinopfuura kana zvishoma dzakapukunyuka kupambwa uye kuparadzwa kwa11. Vanogona kunge vakanyanya kuvakwa uye vakasimba kuti vaparadzwe imwe, mbiri, nhatu nemauto eBurma. Kubva pamepu yechiFrench yakabudiswa muParis muna 1767 na Commission archéologique de l'Indochine inoratidza kuti pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri 7 yenhare idzi ichiripo. Maviri chete eaya nhare asara nhasi: iyo yakanyanya kuparara yePratu Klao Pluk Fort kuWat Ratcha Pradit Sathan uye yakadzoreredzwa yeDiamant Fort yakatarisana neBang Kaja iyo yakadzivirira mukova wezasi weguta pamwe neChao Phraya. Nekudaro, ese ari maviri anopa nzwisiso yakanaka yezvivakwa zvemauto kubva muhafu yekupedzisira yezana ramakore rechigumi nemanomwe.

Diamond Fort Ayutthaya

Mushure mekudonha uye kuparadzwa kweAyutthaya muna 1767, madziro eguta akakurumidza kuparara. Pakanga pari pasi pekutonga kwaRama I, (1782-1809) muvambi wedzinza reChakri, kuti magumo emasvingo eguta aimbove asina basa asi aimbove anoyevedza akazovharwa. Akaita kuti chimedu chihombe chiputsirwe ndokushandisa zvinhu zvakadzorerwa pakuvaka dzimbahwe rake idzva Bangkok. Matombo kubva kuAyutthaya akazogumawo mudhamu rakavakwa muna 1784 muLat Pho chiteshi muPra Pradaeng kudzivirira kuenderera mberi kwemunyu mukati menyika. Rama III (1824-1851) yakapa denho yokupedzisira nokuputsa mamwe masvingo eguta. Zvakawanda zvekupedzisira zvakashandiswa pakuvaka giant chedi paWat Saket. Payakakoromoka, marara akaumba musimboti wezvakazove Gomo reGoridhe kana kuti yaizova Golden Hill. Iwo ekupedzisira akasara emadziro akanyangarika muAyutthaya mugore ra1895 apo Gavhuna Phraya Chai Wichit Sitthi Satra Maha Pathesatibodi akavaka U-Thong Road, mugwagwa wemhete wakatenderedza guta. Neizvi, chimwe chezvapupu zvekupedzisira zvinobatika zvehukuru hwaimbova naAyutthaya chakanyangarika ...