Pakurangarira rufu - Dutch uye Burma njanji

'Zuva riri kupisa, mvura inonaya mumhepo;

uye zvose zviri zviviri zvinoruma zvakadzika mumapfupa edu.

tichiri kutakura mitoro yedu sezvipoko;

asi vave vafa uye vachishungurudzika kwemakore. '

(Chidimbu kubva mudetembo 'Pagoda road'  kuti maDutch anomanikidza mushandi Arie Lodewijk Grendel akanyora muTavoy muna 29.05.1942)

Musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu, vakaurayiwa neHondo Yenyika Yechipiri muAsia pamwe chete nevaDutch vakabatwa nekuvakwa kweBurma Railway kunyanya vachayeukwa kumakuva emauto kuKanchanaburi neChunkai. Nhoroondo inosuruvarisa ye Burma Railway yave ichindifadza kwemakore.

Kwete chete nekuti babamunini vangu vakapotsa vapona nenzira inoshamisa pakuvaka njanji iyi, asiwo nekuti, nguva refu yapfuura, ndakatanga kunyora bhuku reChirungu rinotsanangura kushata kwakakanganikwa kwekuda kuratidza mazana ezviuru zveAsia. vashandi pachirongwa ichi chehondo cheJapan chinovavarira. Iri bhuku rinogona kupedzwa gore rino risati rapera, uye panguva ino, mumaonero angu akazvininipisa, uye mushure memakore ekutsvaga American, British, Australian, Dutch, Japanese, Indonesian, Burmese, Malaysian uye Thai archives, ndinogona semunhu. ndiani anoziva zvishoma kudarika avhareji nezvemutambo uyu.

Zano remukuru weuto reJapan raiva rekuda chinzvimbo. Kubatana kwenjanji kwaidiwa pakati peBan Pong, Thailand, anenge makiromita 72 kumadokero kweBangkok, neThanbyuzayat muBurma. Nzira yakarongwa yaive nehurefu hwe415 km. Pakutanga, Tokyo yakanga isina kutombogutsikana nezvekubatsira kwekuvakwa kwenjanji iyi, asi yakangoerekana yazviona sechinodikanwa chehondo zvachose apo hondo yakachinja ichifarira MaAllies. Kwete chete kuchengetedza kumberi muBurma, asi zvakare kukwanisa kusunda kubva kuchamhembe kweBurma kuenda kuBritish korona yeIndia. Kugovera hwaro hombe hweJapan paThanbyuzayat nemugwagwa kwaive kwakaoma, kunotora nguva uye zvichizodhura kuita basa. Kugovera zvekushandisa negungwa, kuburikidza neSingapore uye kuburikidza neStraits yeMalacca, pamwe nekuvanda kweAllied submarines nevatyairi vengarava, yaive basa rine njodzi, kunyanya mushure mekukundwa muhondo dzegungwa dzeCoral Sea (4-8 Chivabvu 1942) neMidway (3- Chikumi 6, 1942), iyo Imperial Navy yeJapan yakanga yarasikirwa nehukuru hwayo hwemauto uye yakamanikidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kupinda mukudzivirira. Saka sarudzo yekuwana nenjanji.

kushanda pasi pekutariswa neJapan

Muna March 1942, mutungamiri weJapan Southern Army Command kuenda kuImperial Headquarters kune mvumo yekuvaka njanji yeThai-Burma. Zvisinei, chikumbiro ichi chakarambwa sechisiri chechokwadi panguva iyoyo. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe, nyika dzakasiyana siyana nemakambani echitima akange aedza kuona mutsara uyu, asi ivo vaifanira kudzoreredza zvirongwa zvavo. Zvinetso zvisingatarisirwi zvekushanda musango risingakanganwiri, makomo ane materu uye mamiriro ekunze asina kugadzikana nemvura zhinji nemafashamo akaita kuti vadonhe rimwe nerimwe. Pasinei nokurambwa uku, vashandi ve Southern Army Command payo pachayo kutanga kwaChivabvu kuita tsvakiridzo inodiwa yekutanga nechinangwa chekuvakwa kwenjanji iyi. Sezviri pachena basa rokugadzirira rakanga richipwisa zvakakwana nguva ino, sezvo murayiro wokutanga kuvaka wakabudiswa pana July 1, 1942 uchibva kuImperial Headquarters muTokyo. Kazhinji, kuvakwa kwenjanji kwaifanira kunge kwakatanga pakarepo mumwedzi iwowo waChikunguru, asi chokwadi basa racho harina kutanga kusvika munaNovember 1942. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakawanda zvekunonoka kwakaitika kudivi reThai rechirongwa ichi kwaive kuramba kwakasimba kwakapihwa nevaridzi venzvimbo iyi vaityisidzira kurasikirwa nenzvimbo yekuvaka.

Kunyange zvazvo mainjiniya eJapan akapa zano kuImperial Headquarters aidavira kuti nguva yokuvaka yemakore matatu kana kuti kunyange mana yaifanira kurangarirwa, mamiriro ezvinhu ehondo chaizvoizvo akanga asingafariri kumirira kwenguva yakareba kudaro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, rairo yakapihwa yekupedzisa basa mumwedzi ye18. Basa rekupedzisira repurojekiti iri kuMaodzanyemba Expeditionary Army Group, yakarairwa naField Marshal Count Terauchi. Nharaunda dzakanga dzatorwa neJapan dzakanga dzatotanga kupinza vashandi vanozvipira kubva kumativi ose eSoutheast Asia, anonzi romushas, sevashandi. Asi vanachipangamazano vaTerauchi vakatenda kuti izvi zvaisazokwana. Vakaronga kukumbira Tokyo mvumo yokupinzawo vasungwa vehondo veAllied. Zvisinei, Geneva Convention yairambidza zvakananga kushandiswa kwevasungwa vehondo mumabasa angangove akabatana zvakananga nehondo. Zvisinei, kugara zvakanaka kwevasungwa vehondo kwakanga kusingakoshi kuvaJapan sezvakaita mazana ezviuru. Romushas.

Mutungamiriri weJapan Tojo akabva abvuma kushandiswa kwevasungwa vehondo uye mapoka makuru maviri ekutanga - aisanganisira maBritish - akatumirwa kubva kuSingapore kuenda kuThailand kutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu 1942. Sekuziva kwandakaita, murwi wekutanga wechiDutch akasiya musasa wevasungwa weTanjong Priok paJava muvhiki yekutanga yaGumiguru 1942. Iri boka raiva nevarume vanenge 100 vakasimba uye chikamu chezvakatumirwa zvevasungwa vehondo veAllied 1.800 200. Mugove weshumba vaive vekuAustralia, asi kwaivewo neXNUMX vekuAmerica muboka iri. Nenguva isipi vaizoziva izvo zvakazova zvekufungidzira mumadhayari evapukunyuki se Hellship Journeys zvaizotsanangurwa. Munzvimbo dzakatsvikinyidzirana dzemutyairi wekutakura zvinhu akanga akatsvikinyidzana, navarindiri vaviri vasina kugadzirirwa zvisina kufanira uye vasina migove yakakwana yezvokudya nemvura yokunwa, zvakavatorera inodokusvika vhiki kuti vasvike Keppel Harbor yeSingapore, vaneta uye vapera simba. Vaigona kufemereka mumusasa weChangi kwamazuva mashomanene, asi ipapo vakadzokera kunzvimbo yaipisa zvikuru yeigwa rakazara kuRangoon muBurma. Uye zvakadaro kuguma kweOdyssey yavo kwakanga kusati kwaoneka nokuti nokukurumidza pashure pokunge vasvika muRangoon, zvikepe zviduku zvinoverengeka zvakananga kuMoulmein kubva uko, pashure pokupedza usiku hwose mutorongo romunzvimbomo, ivo. mutsara wakatwasuka vakaendeswa kumisasa yechibharo. Iri boka duku rekutanga, revaDutch rakateverwa zvakanyanya nemapoka makuru, mazhinji acho akapedzisira ava muThailand. Kunyange November 1942 asati apera, isingasviki mwedzi miviri pashure pokunge vaDutch vokutanga vabva muJava, vasungwa vehondo 4.600 60.000 vechiDutch vakanga vava kutoshanda panjanji. Pamwe chete, pakati pe80.000 neXNUMX vasungwa vehondo vekuBritain, Australia, New Zealand, Dutch neAmerica vaizobatanidzwa neimwe nzira mukuvaka njanji, iyo yakakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira wakashata se. Chitima cheRufu got.

Kwete chete mazuva akareba, anenge asingaperi - uye gare gare zvakare husiku - hwebasa rinorema uye rinorema, rinowanzoperekedzwa netsaona dzebasa, asiwo kushungurudzwa kusingagumi uye kurangwa kwaizotora simba ravo. Izvo chaizvo zvekushandisa zvisina kujairika uye zvinokonzeresa kugovera matambudziko raive rimwe dambudziko rakakura rakatarisana nePOWs. Migove midiki yemazuva ese yemhando yakaderera uye kazhinji mupunga wakaputsika une makonye, ​​waigona kuwedzerwa nguva nenguva nehove dzakaomeswa kana nyama, zvakanga zvisina kukwana zvachose. Pamusoro pezvo, varume vacho vainangana zuva nezuva nekushaikwa kwemvura yakachena, inonwiwa. Izvi zvakabva zvaita kuti maPOWs ave nekushaya kudya kwakakwana uye kupera simba, izvo zvakangoita kuti vanyanye kubatwa nemhando dzese dzezvirwere zvinowanzoisa hupenyu munjodzi.

Zvikurukuru, denda rekorera mumwaka wokunaya kwemvura wa1943 rakaparadza misasa. Kubuda kwezvirwere izvi kwakabatana zvakananga nekusvika kwekutanga romushas. Mamiriro makuru ekutanga ekushanda muThailand haana kutumirwa kusvika Kukadzi-Kurume 1943. Vazhinji vavo vakanga vatorwara pavakasvika musango reThai pakutanga kwemwaka wekunaya kwemvura.

kugoverwa kwezvokudya mumusasa wechibharo

Vazhinji vasara veAllied POWs vakabvumirana mushure mehondo kuti mamiriro ayo romushas kuti vararame vakanga vakaipisisa kupfuura avo. Kusiyana nevasungwa vehondo, vashandi vekuAsia vakashaya kunyaradzwa uye kurangwa kwechimiro chemauto - chinodiwa chekuchengetedza hunhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma - uye, zvakatoipisisa, vaive vasina vanachiremba kana vashandi vezvokurapa kwavo uye pasina vaturikiri. Vakanga vatorwa kubva kune varombo zvakanyanya, chikamu chikuru chisingagoni kuverenga chevanhu vavo, uye izvo zvaizobhadhara pakarepo. Nepo veWestern POWs vakatora matanho ekusimudzira hutsanana nepavaigona napo, kubva pakugeza - kana zvichibvira - kusvika pakuchera zvimbuzi kure nekure sezvinobvira kubva kumisasa, romushas hapana pfungwa pamusoro penhamo inogona kukonzera makonzo kana nhunzi nemvura ine utachiona. Vazhinji vavo vaingozvisunungura pazvinenge zvakavafanira, kazhinji vari pakati pemisasa yavo kana pedyo nedzimba dzokubikira. Migumisiro yacho yakanga ine ngwavaira.

Chisina akaziva, kunyange maJapan, chakanga chiri chokuti pamwe chete nemvura yakauya korera. Muedzo mutsva unouraya, uyo waizova nemigumisiro inoparadza pavashandi vakatopera simba uye vanorwara. Misasa iyi yanga yatozara nevakabatwa nedysentery, marariya neberiberi zvakadaro. Cholera chirwere chinotapuriranwa nebhakitiriya chinotapuriranwa nekubata mvura ine utachiona. Chinonyanya kutapuriranwa, chirwere ichi chinowanzotanga nekurwadziwa kwakanyanya mudumbu, kuchiteverwa nefivha yakanyanya, kurutsa uye manyoka, kazhinji zvichikonzera rufu. Mukutanga kwaMay 1943, korera yakatanga munjanji muBurma. Kubva pamushumo unotyisa we Yepfumbamwe Railway Regiment zvakazoitika kuti pasati papera mavhiki matatu korera yakanga yatoonekwa muThailand, mumusasa weTakanun. Pakutanga kwaJune, kufa kwekutanga kwakaitika mumusasa weMalaysian pachiitiko chinokosha 125. Denda racho rakapararira nokukurumidza uye rakakonzera kutya kwakasvibiswa pakati pePOWs, asiwo uye kunyanya pakati peJapan. The romushavakakurirwa kwazvo nekutya cholera zvokuti vashandi vakagwinya uye vaiva nechirwere chacho vakaedza kutiza vakawanda kubva mumisasa. Izvi zvaiwanzofambiswa nenyaya yekuti mauto eJapan, achitya kutapukirwa, akange abuda munzvimbo dzekutapurirana uye akazvigutsa nekumisa madenderedzwa ekudzivirira akatenderedza. romusha-kunetsekana. Kuvhunduka uku kwakapararirawo semashanga pakati pevachangobva kuuya, vazhinji vavo vakabva vatizawo vachienda kumisasa. Kuita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuoma, mvura zhinji yakaita kuti migwagwa yemusango isafambike uye chikafu chaitove chishoma chakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nematambudziko ekupa.

Mauto Minda yeKukudzwa muKanchanaburi

Kuwana kunoshamisa kune chero munhu anodzidza nyaya inoshamisa yeBurma njanji iyo yeDutch contingent yakabudirira zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwakakwana. Izvo zvaive nezvakawanda, kana zvisiri zvese, zvine chekuita nevasungwa vehondo veRoyal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) Chikamu chikuru chavo - chakasiyana nevazhinji veBritish kana vekuAmerica, semuenzaniso - vaive neruzivo rwezvirimwa zvekuzvarwa. Vaitsvaga zvaidyiwa, vakazvibika, uye vakazvidya sechishongo chekuwedzera kuzvokudya zvishoma. Uyezve, vaiziva mishonga yakawanda yemishonga uye zvirimwa kubva musango, imwe zivo yakagoverwawo nenhamba yevanachiremba veKNIL uye vanamukoti vakavharirwawo. Uyezve, varwi vakanyatsodzidziswa veKNIL, kazhinji vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eIndisch, vakakwanisa kurarama nehupenyu hwekare musango kupfuura veEurope.

Avo vakapukunyuka denda rekorera vaizofanira kushanda nesimba mumwedzi yaitevera. Mushure mezvose, nhamba inotyisa yevakafa kubva mudenda yakanga yakonzera kunonoka kunooneka mukuvaka njanji uye yaifanira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Ichi chikamu mukuvaka chakava chakashata sezita rekunyadzisa 'speedo'nguva iyo hysterical 'speedo! speedo! vachipopotera varindi veJapan neveKorea vakatyaira maPOWs kupfuura miganhu yavo yemuviri nemagaro epfuti. Mazuva ekushanda ane vanhu vanodarika zana vakafa ndizvo zvimwe…

Pana Gumiguru 7, 1943, rivet rekupedzisira rakapinzwa munjanji uye nzira yaive yadhura ropa rakawanda, dikita nemisodzi yakapedzwa. Mushure mekupedzwa kwetambo, chikamu chakakura chemauto echiDutch chakashandiswa kugadzirisa njanji uye kutema nekutema miti yaishanda sehuni dzezvitima. MaDutch aifanirawo kuvaka dzimba dzezvitima dzakavharika dzakapararira munzira dzenjanji, dzakashandiswa panguva yekuwedzera kwenhamba yeAllied refu-refu yekubhomba mishoni vachipesana nezvitima zvenjanji zveJapan muThailand neBurma. Aya mabhomba aizorasawo hupenyu hwevanoverengeka gumi nevaviri vasungwa vehondo vechiDutch. Kwete chete panguva yekurwiswa kwemhepo pamisasa yechibharo, asi zvakare nekuti vakamanikidzwa nemaJapan kubvisa duds, mabhomba emuchadenga asina kuputika…

Mauto Minda yeKukudzwa muKanchanaburi

Maererano nedata kubva ku National Archives muWashington (Record Group 407, Bhokisi 121, Vhoriyamu III - Thailand), iyo yandakakwanisa kubvunza makore gumi nemashanu apfuura, mapurisa angangoita 1.231 uye 13.871 mamwe mapoka eDutch land forces, mauto emugungwa, mauto emuchadenga neKNIL akaiswa mu. kuvakwa kweChitima cheRufu. Zvisinei, ichokwadi kuti urongwa uhwu hune mapeji akawanda uye naizvozvo hauna kukwana, izvo zvinoreva kuti pakati pe15.000 ne17.000 vanhu veDutch vangangove vakaiswa mubasa iri regehena. MuNational Archives muThe Hague ndakatosvika kuhuwandu hwe17.392 yakatumirwa vanhu vechiDutch. Vanoda kusvika 3.000 2.210 vavo vaisazorarama. XNUMX Dutch vakakuvadzwa vakapihwa nzvimbo yekuzorora yekupedzisira kumakuva maviri emauto muThailand pedyo neKanchanaburi: Chungkai War Cemetery en Kanchanaburi War Cemetery. Hondo yapera, vanhu 621 vechiDutch vakavigwa parutivi rwenjanji yeBurma Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery. Murwi wechiDutch mudiki pakuziva kwangu akakundwa neChitima cheRufu aive Theodorus Moria ane makore gumi nemanomwe. Akazvarwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 17, 10 muBandoeng uye akafa munaKurume 1927, 12 muchipatara cheChungkai camp. Iyi Marine 1945^e kirasi yakavigwa muguva III A 2 pariri nemaBritish Commonwealth War Graves Commission akakwanisa Chungkai War Cemetery.

Zviuru zvevapukunyuki zvakatakura mavanga mumuviri nomupfungwa ekuedza kwavo. Pavakadzoserwa kuNetherlands yakasunungurwa, vakapedzisira vava munyika yavakanga vasinganyatso ziva uye yaisavaziva…. Zvakakwana zvakanga zvatotaurwa pamusoro pehondo: zvino munhu wose kushandira kuvakazve nyika akanga ari credo yenyika. Kana kuti zvimwe vakanga vakanganwa kuti vaDutch pachavo vaiva nehondo shure kwemeno avo ...?! Vanhu vazhinji vechiDutch vachiri kuchema vakafa vavo uye vakashaika pedyo nekumba. Nhamo yakabva kure, mumisasa yeJapan, yakakwezva fariro shoma. Zvese zvaiita kunge zviri kure nemubhedha wangu show. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mhirizhonga iyo veIndonesian nationalists vakatenda kuti vaifanira kuwana rusununguko rwavo uye zvakazotevera zvakaenzana nehutsinye zviito zvemapurisa zvakabhadharwa uye zvakazopa rufu kuDutch - Southeast Asia memory trajectory inogona kuitika pamwe chete.

Matatu ePagodas monument muBronbeek (Mufananidzo: Wikimedia)

KNIL yakaguma kuvapo pana June 26, 1950. Nemhaka yokuti Dutch East Indies yakanga isisipo. Vazhinji vevaichimbova varwi veIndia vakanzwa saizvozvo kudzingwa vakarapwa, vakasiya nyika yaamai ndokuguma vava mudzimba dzebhodhingi dzine mumvuri kana kuti kunyange mumisasa inotonhora yokugamuchira muNetherlands. Zvimwe zvacho inhoroondo….

Kana kuti kwete… Mukutanga kwaKubvumbi 1986, makore makumi mana nerimwe mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, iyo NOS yakatepfenyura mushumo wezvikamu zviviri umo vatatu vaimbove maDutch vashandi vakamanikidzwa vakadzokera kuThailand kunotsvaga zvakasara zvenjanji. . Yakanga iri nguva yekutanga kuti terevhizheni yeDutch yakabhadhara zvakanyanya zvakadaro asiwo zvakanyanya kutarisisa mutambo wehondo uyu. Mugore rimwe chetero, Geert Mak, uyo akanga asati anyatsoita basa rokunyora, akaenda kunotsvaka zvisaririra zvababa vake, avo vakanga vashanda somufundisi munzira yechitima. Musi waChikumi 24, 1989, iyo Burma-Siam kana Three Pagoden monument yakavhurwa muMilitary Home Bronbeek muArnhem, zvekuti izvi zvakapotsa zvakanganwika asi zvinosiririsa peji kubva kuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri pakupedzisira yakagamuchira kutariswa kwepamutemo kwayaikodzera muNetherlands. ..