Bangkok, Gumiguru 14, 1973

(Worchi Zingkhai / Shutterstock.com)

Zvinoita sezvingangoita kuti Gumiguru 14 ichatungamira kutsva kwekuratidzira kunopesana nehurumende muBangkok. Hazvisi masanga kuti varatidziri vapinde mumigwagwa zvakare musi iwoyo chaiwo. Gumiguru 14 izuva rekufananidzira nekuti pazuva iro muna 1973 hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hweMunda Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn hwakapera. Ini ndinounzawo nyaya iyi kuratidza kuti zvakapfuura uye zvazvino zvinogona kupindirana sei uye kuti kufananidzwa kwenhoroondo kungagadzirwe sei pakati peBangkok muna 1973 neBangkok muna 2020.

Muchokwadi, kuvepo kwemauto muSiamese uye gare gare zvematongerwo enyika eThai chave chiri chokwadi kweanoda kusvika zana. Nguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekupokana kwakagumisa humambo hweabsolutist muna 1932, mauto echiuto mumunhu weField Marshal uye Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram akatanga kutonga zvakanyanya zvematongerwo enyika eThai. Asi maive mushure mekupidigura kwemauto muna 1957 kwakaunza Chief of Staff Sarit Thanarat pamasimba kuti mauto akanyatso simbisa simba rawo. Makore ehudzvanyiriri hwake hwechiuto aive nekukura kwakasimba kwehupfumi hwaive mhedzisiro kwete yekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika chete asiwo neHondo dzeKorea neVietnam.

Kukura uku kwakakonzera kuchinja kukuru munzanga yeThai. Iyo yaimbove yakanyanya kunyanya yekumaruwa nzanga yeThai yakarohwa nekunyanya kukurumidza kwemaindasitiri, izvo zvakazoita kuti vanhu vazhinji vatame kubva kumaruwa vachienda kuguta guru. Mumakore iwayo, mazana ezviuru, kunyanya aibva kuIsaan aiva murombo, akaenda kuBangkok kunotsvaka upenyu huri nani. Zvisinei, vaiwanzoodzwa mwoyo nemhaka yokuti vakanga vari veboka rapakati zvikurukuru avo vakabetserwa nemamiriro oupfumi akavandudzika zvinooneka. Pasinei nekukura kwehupfumi, mararamiro evanhu haana kumbova nani muutongi hwaSarit Thanarat nemutsivi wake, Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn. Uye izvi zvakakonzera kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwaiwedzera nokukurumidza.

Pakazosvika 1973, muhoro wakaderera, wanga wasvika gumi baht pazuva rekushanda kubva pakati pema10, wakaramba usina kushanduka, nepo mutengo wechikafu wakakwira ne50%. Pasinei nekuti masangano evashandi akarambidzwa, kuwedzera kusagadzikana kwevanhu kwakatungamirira kunhevedzano yekuramwa zvisiri pamutemo. Mumwedzi mipfumbamwe yokutanga ya1973 chete, kuramwa mabasa kukuru kunopfuura 40 kwakaitika munyika yose uye kumisa basa kwakakwana kwemwedzi mumwe chete. Thai Steel Company zvakatotungamirira kune vamwe, kunyange vachizengurira, kubvumira. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamiriro ehupfumi akaita kuti nhamba dzevadzidzi dziwedzere, avo vakabva pakati nepakati. Kunyange zvazvo kwaingova nevadzidzi vari pasi pe1961 15.000 vakanyoresa muna 1972, nhamba iyi yakanga yakura kusvika kudarika 50.000 68 muna XNUMX. Chakaita kuti chizvarwa chevadzidzi ichi chisiyane nevakavatangira kwaiva kuzvipira kwavo mune zvematongerwo enyika. Kumukira kwevadzidzi kwaMay XNUMX hakuna kumboonekwa navo zvakare. Kupesvedzerwa nenhamba dzakaita saMao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh kana munyika yake munyori Chit Phumisak kana vakangwara vanofambira mberi vakatenderedza magazini yakadzama. Social Science Ongororo, vakatanga kuisa pfungwa dzavo pamadingindira akaita sekuti dzidzo idemocratization, kurwisana kwevanhu mumafekitari uye hurombo hwemaruwa.

Imwe yemadhiraivha akanyanya kukosha mune iyi nzira yekuziva yaive inter-yunivhesiti National Student Center yeThailand (NSCT). Pakutanga yakatanga sekirabhu yakanaka yekuda nyika uye pro-royalist yevadzidzi, iyo NSCT, inotungamirwa nemutungamiri wevadzidzi Thirayuth Boonmee, yakashanduka ikava sangano rinoshoropodza magariro rinopa muromo kune vanopikisa uye vatsoropodzi vehurumende. NSCT haina kungopa pekugara kumarudzi ese emapoka enhaurirano ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro, asi yakagadzirawo chikuva chekuita zvinobatika. Somuenzaniso, vakakurudzira mukurwisana nekuwedzera kwemitengo yezvifambiso zvomuguta reBangkok asiwo, muna November 1972, vachirwisana nezvigadzirwa zveJapan zvakanga zvichifashukira pamusika weThailand. Yakurudzirwa nekubudirira kweiyi mishandirapamwe yepamusoro-soro, kwapera mwedzi NSCT yakapesana nemutemo wemauto akaisa matare edzimhosva pasi pehutongi hwayo. Mushure mekutevedzana kwezviito kumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana, junta yakabvisa mutemo wainetsa mazuva mashoma gare gare. Zvimwe zvakavashamisa ndezvokuti, vakwikwidzi ava vakawana kuti nekuedza kushoma vaigona kushandisa simba guru - kunyangwe pahutongi hwehutongi ...

Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakava pachena kuti hurumende nevadzidzi vakanga vari mugwara. Muna Chikumi 1973, vadzidzi vakati wandei kubva kuRamkhamhaeng University vakadzingwa nekuda kwekuburitsa chidimbu chinonyomba nezvehurumende. Zvisinei, moto wakadzimwa apo, musi wa 6 Gumiguru, Thirayuth Boonmee nevamwe gumi vevatsigiri vake vakasungwa nekuparadzira mapepa munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda pakati peBangkok vachida kuti bumbiro remutemo rivandudzwe. Mushure memazuva maviri, dare rakaramba kuvaburitsa nekubhadhara mari yechibatiso, richipomera mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wehurumende, uye mukuru wemapurisa munyika, VaPraphas Charusathien, mhosva yekuda kupidigura hurumende. Izvi zvakavhara dhamu. Zuva rakatevera, vadzidzi vanopfuura zviuru zviviri vakauya kumusangano weanti-junta paThamasat University. Yakanga iri kutanga kwekutevedzana kwekuratidzira uye zviito zvakakurumidza kuwana rubatsiro kubva kune vasiri vadzidzi. Musi wa2.000 Gumiguru, mapurisa akatoverenga varatidziri vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu. Mazuva maviri gare gare, boka iri revaratidziri rakanga rakura kusvika vanopfuura 11 50.000.

Kuratidzira kwevadzidzi paChulalongkorn University (NanWdc / Shutterstock.com)

Yatarisana nechisimba chikuru ichi, hurumende yakadzokera shure uye yakasarudza kupa zvavaida zvakanyanya, kusunungurwa kwevadzidzi vakasungwa. Akabva azivisa kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, asi vanopfuura hafu yevaratidziri vakafunga kuti izvi zvanga zvanyanya uye kunonoka. Vachitungamirwa naSeksan Prasertkul, mumwe mutungamiriri weNSCT, vakafora kuenda kumuzinda kunotsvaga zano raMambo Bhumobol. Mangwanani-ngwanani emusi wa14 Gumiguru, mhomho yakasvika kumuzinda uko mumiriri wamambo akakumbira vatungamiriri vevadzidzi kuti vamise kuratidzira. Vakabvuma chikumbiro ichi, asi bongozozo rakavapo apo mutevedzeri wemukuru wemapurisa akaisa zvipingamupinyi kuti atsause mhomho. Mhirizhonga yakashanduka kuita kutya pakaitika kuputika kwakati wandei, pamwe nekuda kwekukandwa kwemagirinedhi emaoko. Ichi chaive chiratidzo chekuti mauto edziviriro atumire vanhu vazhinji, vachitsigirwa nemotokari dzine zvombo uye zvikopokopo, kuparadzira mhomho vachishandisa utsi hunokachidza uye pfuti dzehupenyu.

77 varatidziri vakaurayiwa apo 857 vakakuvara. Nekudaro, simba rakawandisa rakashandiswa kurwisa varatidziri vasina pfuti rakava nemhedzisiro. Mazana ezviuru akabatana nevaratidziri uye mukupera kwemasikati varatidziri vanopfuura hafu yemiriyoni vakadurura mumigwagwa yeguta guru reThai, vakagadzirira kutarisana kwekupedzisira nemauto ekuchengetedza. Yakakurumidza kuva, uye kunyange kune yakanyanya reactionary hardliners Zvaiva pachena kuti hurumende yaisagona kuuraya munhu wose kuti ichengetedze zvayaida. Uyezve, njodzi yehugandanga hwemuguta chaiyo yakakura neawa. Kupamba kwakaitika pano nepapo, uye zvivakwa zvaibvira moto, kunyanya mumugwagwa weRatchadamnoen pedyo neDemocracy Monument. Rimwe boka revadzidzi vane mhirizhonga, vanonzi 'Yellow Tigers' uyo akanga ambodzingwa basa nemapurisa, akakwanisa kuzadza motokari yepombi yefire brigade nepeturu ndokuishandisa semudziyo wekupisa moto pakamba yemapurisa paPam Fa Bridge. Kuipa kwemamiriro acho ezvinhu kwakava pachena kumunhu wese uye kwakasvika pakakwirira zvikuru manheru apo, pa19.15 pm, Mambo Bhumibol pachake akazivisa kusiya basa reThanom cabinet paredhiyo neTV. Zvisinei, pakaramba paine mhirizhonga pakati pehusiku nemangwanani aitevera nekuti varatidziri vacho vakada kuti Thanom Kittikachorn asiye basa semukuru wemauto. Nekudaro, runyararo rwakadzoka pazvakazivikanwa kuti Thanom, nemurume wake wekurudyi Praphas Charusathien nemwanakomana wake, Colonel Narong Kittikachorn, vakanga vatiza munyika...

Zviitiko izvi hazvina kungosimbisa kuwedzera kwepesvedzero yevadzidzi vanoziva zvematongerwo enyika uye vakangwara pane zvematongerwo enyika muThailand. Vakanyanya kuzunungusa makirasi anotungamira kunheyo dzavo. Mushure mezvose, ichi changa chisiri chiitiko chemudzidzi chekuwedzera democracy. Izvo zvakatanga sekuratidzira kushoma kwevashoma vakangwara zvakakura pasina nguva uye zvakangoerekana zvave kufamba kwevazhinji. Yakanga iri nguva yekutanga munhoroondo ine mhirizhonga yeThailand kuti Pu Noi -vaduku - vakanga vaenda kumigwagwa yakawanda uye vakanga vasunungura kumukira kubva pasi. Zvakanga zvisina kurongwa uye avo vakapinda vaive nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pedemocracy uye nzanga yavaishuvira. Pasina hutungamiriri hwakajeka uye pasina hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakajeka, vakakwanisa kudzinga mudzvinyiriri aionekwa seasingabatike

Zvisinei, nyaya iyi yakanga isina magumo akanaka. Vadzidzi vari kuramba vakatsiga uye kubudirira kwesarudzo kwemapato ari kuruboshwe musarudzo dzaNdira 1975 zvakawedzera kuita munzwa padivi pemadzimambo nemamwe mauto anopindura uye manheru aGumiguru 6, 1976 mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera zvakanyanya apo mapurisa, mauto. uye mapurisa akapinda nechisimba pamusasa weYunivhesiti yeThamasat uye akazadza Thai Spring muropa.